Heat Ch 6

substance’s VOLUME increases when TEMPERATURE increases Thermal expansion substance’s VOLUME increases when TEMPERATURE increases

Heat Transfer of energy between objects that are at different temperatures From the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object

Thermal Equilibrium

Conduction transfer of thermal energy by direct contact – touch! Kinetic energy is transferred as particles collide Solids, particularly metals, are good heat conductors

Convection the transfer of energy by the motion of heated particles in a liquid or gas Convection currents transfer heat from warmer to cooler parts of a fluid.                                                                                  

Convection The movement of energy through a moving liquid or gas. Image from: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/outreach/education/science/convection/img/AtmosCartoon.jpg; Definition adapted from: Access Science glossary, page 313.

Radiation energy transfer by electromagnetic waves Some radiation is absorbed and some is reflected when it strikes a material

Thermal Conductivity Rate at which a substance transfers thermal energy

Specific Heat Capacity amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin can be thought of as how well a substance resists changing its temperature Water = 4,184 J/(kg K) Iron = 450 J/(kg K)

Radiant Energy = from the Sun Radiant energy drives changes in weather & creates different climates. Weather changes from day to day. Climate = a region’s general pattern of weather over a long period of time. The equator receives the most direct angle of sunlight, creating the warmest climates. 1 of 11

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Heating differences causes there to be different air masses. cool air (or water) is more dense than warm, so it sinks, creating currents by convection The Sun heats land and oceans by radiation land/ocean heats the air above it by conduction 3 of 11

Air Mass A large body of air that has approximately the same temperature and humidity. Image from: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/air-masses.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0122-air-masses.php&usg=__XvmhcOGvRLktqQCRn2lJ7OrcuMw=&h=260&w=400&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FE4SQ7SrCqW5AM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dair%2Bmass%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=yrpUTcHzN8O88gapx-mfBw; Definition adapted from: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 468.

Air movements create weather changes. Different air mass pressures cause wind. Air moves from high to low pressure areas. Generally blow from poles toward equator Weather often changes when air pressure changes A front is where two air masses meet or collide 4 of 11

Front The place where two air masses of different temperatures and pressures meet. Image adapted from: http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/images/cloudformation_Fronts_small.jpg; Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 488.

High Pressure An area of higher air pressure that is typically associated with clear weather. Image adapted from: http://www.thereddawn.com/uploaded_images/HighLowPressure-783717.jpg; Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 491.

Low Pressure An area of lower air pressure that is typically associated with wet or cloudy weather. Image adapted from: http://www.thereddawn.com/uploaded_images/HighLowPressure-783717.jpgp; Definition adapted from: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 498.

Warm air rises, decreasing the air pressure. 5 of 11

You will do this in class soon! Note: You will attach a weather fronts foldable here. You will do this in class soon!

Weather A pattern of precipitation, wind, etc. that covers a small area for a short amount of time. Image from: http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5528602/2/istockphoto_5528602-weather-symbols.jpg; Definition adapted from: Access Science glossary, page 325.

Climate A pattern of temperature and precipitation that remains for a long period of time. The climate of Antarctica is extremely cold. Image adapted from: http://www.crystalinks.com/antarcticablueice.jpg; Definition: Access Science glossary, page 312.

Land-Ocean Interactions Land heats up faster than water (= the ocean). The air over the land will also heat quickly. Warm air rises, starting a convection current. This brings moist ocean air inland. Ocean air holds a lot of water vapor. Warm air can also hold more water vapor. When air cools, it may no longer be able to hold on to all of the water vapor, forming clouds & precipitation. 6 of 11

Vocab ! 7 of 11

Ocean Current The flow of water within the ocean that moves in a regular pattern. Image from: http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/OceanCurrents.gif; Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 503.

Surface Current The flow of water that occurs near or at the surface of the ocean. Image from: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/tserver.php?f=currents.gif&w=736&legacyResize; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com

Deep Ocean Current The movement of water far below the surface of the ocean. Image adapted from: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/ocean-current-7b.jpg; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com

Current – movement of water in the ocean Surface currents are affected by - Winds Continental deflections Coriolis Effect – following the curve of the Earth as it rotates Deep ocean currents are affected by - Temperature differences (density) Salinity differences (density) 9 of 11

Movement of currents is constant and creates a “global conveyor belt” that transfers heat from one part of the Earth to another via water. 10 of 11

Ocean currents can bring in air of a different temperature that makes one area on Earth warmer than another at the same latitude Example: Gulf Stream brings warm air into England, making it warmer than Nova Scotia, Canada at the same latitude. 11 of 11

Oceans also impact climate via currents… Oceans can also influence weather in extreme ways, such as in the formation of hurricanes = A low pressure tropical storm that forms over WARM ocean water. Oceans impact climate because they heat and cool slowly (=good insulator!). Land near the ocean is often warmer in winter and cooler in summer, meaning inland climates differ from those near the ocean at the same latitude. Oceans also impact climate via currents… 8 of 11

Hurricane A low pressure tropical storm that forms over warm ocean water. Hurricane Ivan; September 15, 2004 Image from: http://express.howstuffworks.com/gif/hurricane-ivan.jpg; Definition: wwwthefreedictioanry.com.

http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-hurricane.htm

Bill Nye - Storms https://www.schooltube.com/video/143fd8ba24e44b1ba80a/Bill%20Nye%20Storms

El Niño A periodic change in the location of warm and cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean. A warmer sea temperature in the eastern Pacific around Christmas. Image from: http://junglephotos.com/galapagos/satimages/othersatimages/elnino.jpg; Definition adapted from: www.thefreedictionary.com.