limit of light microscope cm microns Angstroms 1 10,000 100,000,000 aorta 0.1 1,000 10,000,000 blood vessels 0.01 100 1,000,000 capillaries 0.001 10 100,000 blood cells 0.0001 1 10,000 bacteria limit of light microscope 0.00001 0.1 1,000 viruses 0.000001 0.01 100 protein molecules 0.0000001 0.001 10 amino acids 0.00000001 0.0001 1 atoms

limit of light microscope cm microns Angstroms 1 10,000 100,000,000 aorta 0.1 1,000 10,000,000 blood vessels 0.01 100 1,000,000 capillaries 0.001 10 100,000 blood cells 0.0001 1 10,000 bacteria limit of light microscope 0.00001 0.1 1,000 viruses 0.000001 0.01 100 protein molecules 0.0000001 0.001 10 amino acids 0.00000001 0.0001 1 atoms

limit of light microscope cm microns Angstroms 1 10,000 100,000,000 aorta 0.1 1,000 10,000,000 blood vessels 0.01 100 1,000,000 capillaries 0.001 10 100,000 blood cells 0.0001 1 10,000 bacteria limit of light microscope 0.00001 0.1 1,000 viruses 0.000001 0.01 100 protein molecules 0.0000001 0.001 10 amino acids 0.00000001 0.0001 1 atoms

Aerial view of the Advanced Photon Source

Structure-based drug design H O O H A c N H H O O O H O H O H H N N H 2 H N O H A c N H H O O O H Varghese et al, 1992 O H Zanamivir O H von Itzstein et al, 1993

Pyrexia in influenza A virus infected ferrets 41 40 39 38 37 36 control TEMP - Degrees C 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.05 mg/kg 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en 41 40 39 38 37 36 Pre-infection mean 2 Std dev TEMP - Degrees C 0 1 2 3 4 5 DAYS - Post infection Von Itzstein et al (1993) Nature

Log Mean Viral Titer Infected Subjects log10TCID50/ml Study Day