Industrialization & Changes in Manufacturing What is industrialization? Changes in manufacturing and labor that included the following: -A move away from traditional village farming and the Domestic System. -Development of the mechanization and the Factory System. Starts with textiles. Evolution of Manufacturing -Machines develop -water powered and then steam powered -too large and costly for domestic system -need more space and workers -factory system

Industrialization &Changes in Manufacturing- continued 2. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Great Britain What factors contributed to the beginning of the Revolution? The Enclosure Movement More efficient farming Farmers made more money to invest in industry

Key Elements Capital – money to invest in labor, machines and raw materials Natural Resources – harbors, rivers, iron and coal Large Labor Supply – population growth due to more food Entrepreneurs – risk takers who started new businesses

Industrialization & Changes in Manufacturing 3. What is urbanization? Urbanization- larger number of cities, higher population in cities, larger cities How did industrialization lead to urbanization? People moved to the cities to work in the factories

4. Effects of Industrial Revolution Harsh life for urban poor Long hours/80 hour work weeks Child labor Workers had no voice Poor living conditions in the city Many injuries Children not educated Majority of workers live in urban areas Hand labor replaced by machines Increased the differences between social classes Village life changes drastically Less worker satisfaction Socialism gained support

Capitalism 5. What is capitalism? *Adam Smith Wrote: Wealth of Nation Definition: economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned & money is invested to make a profit Capitalism is based on Law of Self-Interest, Law of Supply & Demand, & Law of Competition…

Main principles Law of Self-Interest, Law of Supply & Demand, Law of Competition 3 Main Ideas Law of Self-interest – what you want, when you want to better yourself Law of Competition- competition good for market, better products, cheaper prices. Law of Supply and Demand- Demand goes up, price up… Supply down, price up Supply up, price down

7. Who is Karl Marx and what were his beliefs? believed history was about the struggle between classes. Wrote The Communist Manifesto The “Haves” vs. “The Have Nots” Believed Industrial Revolution enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor

Main Principles Capitalism vs. Socialism “The Haves” Middle Class – Bourgeoisie (rose to power after the French Revolution) “The Have Nots” Factory Workers- Proletariat Marx said the workers would overthrow the Bourgeoise (factory owners) and follow socialism

#8: What is Socialism? How is it different from Capitalism? Capitalism: Private ownership of property; Government does NOT interfere in economy Socialism- Property and means of production is owned by the public/government; Government should regulate business to protect the workers and the consumers. Communism – Pure socialism, according to Marx. A theory advocating elimination of private property; Public owns all property; a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed.

Rise of Nationalism #9. What is the difference between state, nation, and nation-state? State – A formal political entity /union (country) Includes defined territory, population, gov’t, sovereignty, recognized by other countries Nation – Group of people who see themselves linked together in some shared manner Nation-State- a formal political unit inhabited by people who share culture, language, history, etc   Examples of Nations, States & Nation-States STATE – United States NATION - Palestine, Tibet NATION-STATE- Israel, Japan

Rise of Nationalism- continued 10. What is nationalism? Devotion, loyalty and patriotism in regards to the interests and culture of one’s own nation 11. What factors serve to unite people in terms of nationalism? People become attached to the territory that they think of as home People identify themselves with the country’s past and future People speak the same language People share culture Citizens work together for some kind of national cause

Rise of Nationalism- continued 12. What is the difference between nationalist movements? Unification: Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (ex. Italy & Germany) Separation: Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away (ex: Greeks break away from Ottoman Empire) Nation-Building: Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (ex: U.S.)

Unification of Italy 13. Who were the leaders of Italian Unifications? What were their roles? Victor Emmanuel II – King of Sardinia Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Soul” of the Italian Unification Risorgimento, Inspiration for unification; lays the groundwork Garibaldi- “The Sword” Trained mercenary Red Shirts- fought in 2 revolutions (1848 & 1860) Cavour – “The Brain” Prime Minister of Sardinia Planned to unify Italy

Unification of Germany 14. Which German state led unification? Why? Prussia Leads Unification because their population is mainly German. They are united by nationalism. Good example of success of nationalism. Also had a powerful army. Austria poses largest threat Who was Otto von Bismarck? What was his plan for unification? Prussian Prime Minister under Wilhelm I Plan was to provoke war with neighboring countries to gain lands with German people and unite them under one rule Started 3 wars: Danish War Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War

Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially. Technology helped Europeans to establish colonies. 15. Forms of imperialism- Colony v. Protectorate v. Sphere of Influence v. Concession Colony – a foreign region that is under the direct control of a mother country. The mother country sends people to settle on the land. Protectorate- A foreign region in which the mother country allows native rulers to maintain their position of power, but controls them. Sphere of Influence- a foreign region in which an outside nation has control over trade and other economic activities. Concession- A country is granted the exclusive right to exploit a specific resource in a given region.

Imperialism- Continued 16. European motives for 19th century imperialism Loss of new world empires- France lost Canada and India, Great Britain lost American colonies, Spain and Portugal lost Latin American colonies. Economic – industrial revolution caused high demand for raw materials and new markets for products Nationalism- prestige, strategic locations, greed, ethnocentrism Civilizing missions- desire to spread religion, technology, customs and traditions

17. Imperialism in Africa The Belgian Congo King Leopold claimed that he wanted to abolish slavery and spread Christianity but not true. Exploited natives – 10 million died Harshest treatment of natives Belgian government took Congo from Leopold

Imperialism in Africa- continued The Berlin Conference Hosted by Otto von Bismarck Goal was to avoid European war over Africa Divided up Africa Required nations to notify each other of claims and occupy them with troops

Imperialism in Africa- continued South Africa & the Boer War Boers (Afrikaners)- Dutch farmers who settled at the tip of South Africa – 1st Europeans to settle in Africa Great Trek – Boers moved north and found gold and diamonds- people flooded the area- Boers tried to keep them out Boer War – 3 year military engagement between the Boers and British – Boers lost- concentration camps – Apartheid-unification of South Africa

Imperialism in Africa- continued Ethiopia Italians tried to rule Italy as a protectorate, but Ethiopians successfully resisted! One of only 2 countries to remain free of European control

18. Imperialism in Asia India: Sepoy Rebellion Sepoys- Indian soldiers that served under the British Cultural conflict – animal fat on cartridges, soldiers had to bite off both ends. Sepoys rebelled- slaughter of British citizens- British retaliate India placed under direct control of Great Britain Indian National Congress focused on gaining Indian independence

Imperialism in Asia- continued China- does not want to trade with Great Britain but the British want tea and silk. GB gets them hooked on opium. Opium Wars Chinese try to stop the opium trade but British won’t stop- leads to war Great Britain crushes the Chinese Treaty of Nanking Chinese forced to open new ports Legalize the opium trade Give Hong Kong to Great Britain Accept extraterritoriality(British citizens living in China not subject to Chinese laws) The “Open Door” Policy All countries given equal access to trade in China

Imperialism in Asia- continued Japan: Imperialism in Korea After being a victim of imperialism by the U.S., Japan modernizes and becomes the aggressor 1910 Japan officially controlled Korea Banned teaching of Korean Koreans forced to take Japanese names Farmers forced off lands; businesses handed over to Japanese

Imperialism in Asia- continued Indochina: French ruled directly in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam) Took over gov’t positions, grew cash crops which led to not enough food for natives U.S. in Philippines Spanish rule in Philippines until U.S. wins Spanish-American War U.S. promised to return Philippines to nationalists, but kept as a colony

19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations Positive: Modernization – roads, railroads, etc School – Increased literacy rates Improved sanitation and health

19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations Negative: Cultures disrupted Native populations decline Depletion of natural resources Tensions between countries competing for colonies

19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations Long Term: Takes many years to have independent rule Countries are unstable after independence because of being ruled by other countries for years Culture becomes a blend of native and imperial cultures