Chapter 4 Carbon Chapter 5 Macromolecules AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 Carbon Chapter 5 Macromolecules

Organic Chemistry Compounds containing C C, H, N, O, (P, S) Miller and Urey

Carbon bond Formation CH4 C2H6 C2H4

Hydrocarbons Organic molecules consisting of C and H only Not prevalent in most living organisms, but most have regions of C and H Examples: Fats C-H are nonpolar, (similar electronegativity's) Their rxs release lots of energy

Isomers Same numbers of atoms of same elements, different in arrangement 3 types Structural isomers Cis-trans isomers Enantiomers

Functional Groups Groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions Functional Group Structure Example Drawing Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols Carbonyl >CO Ketones Aldehydes Carboxyl -COOH Carboxylic acids Amino -NH2 Amines Sulfhydryl -SH Thiols Phosphate -OPO32- Organic phosphates Methyl CH3 Methylated compounds

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

Macromolecules Chapter 5 All living things fall under 4 major classes Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids 3 of the four are HUGE on a molecular scale (proteins, carbs, nucleic acids)

Monomer- building blocks of polymers Polymer- long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by chemical bonds

Synthesis and Breakdown Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up reactions Dehydration rxns (called synthesis) Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.

Synthesis and Breakdown 2. Hydrolysis- to break using water Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.

Carbohydrates Include both sugars and polymers of sugar Monosaccharides (CH2O) Molecule has a carbonyl group, and hydroxyl groups Glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides (2 monosacch. Joined by glycosidic linkage) Glycosidic linkages are = to dehydration reaction Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Joined by glycosidic linkages 2 major categories of polysaccharides Storage polysaccharides Starch- plants store as energy within plastids and cholorplasts Others include: amylose (unbranched) amylopectin Glycogen- animals store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose

Carbohydrates 2. Structural polysaccharides Cellulose- major component of cell wall in plants Chitin- used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons Exoskeleton- hard case that surrounds the soft part of an animal

Proteins Important in almost everything organisms do Varied functions Catalysts- speed up rxns without being consumed in rxn

Proteins Polypeptides Monomer- amino acids (all polymers are constructed from same set of 20 amino acids) Polypeptides- polymers of amino acids Protein- biologically functional molecule that consists of 1 or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific structure

Proteins Amino acid Monomer

Protein Function Enzymatic-accelerate chemical rxns Defensive- protection against disease Storage Transport- movement across cell membranes Hormonal Receptor- response of cells to chemical stimuli Contractile/motor- movement Structural- support (see page 78 for more detail)

Proteins Amino acid polymers Monomers link together via peptide bonds

Levels of Protein Structure Primary Linked series of a.a. with a unique sequence

Levels of Protein Structure 2. Secondary Coiled or folded patterns Alpha helix- coil Beta-pleated sheet- accordion looking

Levels of Protein Structure 3. Tertiary Overall shape resulting from interactions of side chains Interactions: Hydrophobic interaction Disulfide bridges Ionic bonds H bonds

Levels of Protein Structure 4. Quaternary Overall structure that is make up of polypeptide subunits

Denaturation and Renaturation Denaturation- when proteins become destroyed, lose its native shape due to changes in temp, pH, salinity, etc.

Lipids Large class of large biomolecules that does not include true polymers All lipids share one important trait: They mix poorly, hydrophobic, hydrocarbons Lipids include: Fats Phospholipids Steroids Waxes and pigments

Lipids Fats Fat is constructed from two kids of small molecules (glycerol and fatty acids) Fatty acid- has a long C skeleton 16-18 with carboxyl group Hydrocarbons are reason why lipids are hydrophobic

Lipids Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid No double bonds exist Animal fats- lard, butter (solid at room temp.) Unsaturated fatty acid Has 1 or > double bonds Most are cis Plant and fish fat – oils, olive oil (liquid at room temp.)

Phospholipids Make up cell membranes Similar to fat but with 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol. When added with water they self assemble into a bilayer

Steroids Lipids characterized by C consisting to 4 fused rings. Cholesterol- within animal cell membranes also a precursor for which all other cell membranes are synthesized Synthesized in the liver hormones

Nucleic Acids Genes- units of DNA Nucleic acids- polymers made of monomers called nucleotides Roles of Nucleic Acids- DNA Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents RNA Interacts with cell’s protein synthesizing machinery part of a protein

DNA RNA Protein

DNA vs RNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Thymine Single stranded Uracil

Nucleotides Structure:

2 families of Nitrogenous Bases Pyrimidines Cytosine Uracil Thymine Purine Adenine Guanine