BIG Transportation and Respiration Review!

Three major parts of the circulatory system Blood The fluid that serves as the medium of transport Blood vessels A system of channels that conduct the blood through the body Heart A pump that keeps the blood circulating through the body

Components of Blood Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Makes up ~55% of blood Dissolved substances Proteins Erythrocytes 40-45% of blood No nucleus- Increased surface area Leukocytes < 1 % of blood Ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Thrombocytes Blood clotting

RED WHITE PLATELETS Contain hemoglobin Formed in bone marrow Carries 97% of blood’s oxygen Formed in bone marrow Large bones of the body- hip, femur, chest, upper arms WHITE NO hemoglobin Formed in the bone marrow PLATELETS Formed from cytoplasm pinched off f bone marrow

Review!

Blood Groups ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES Marker proteins ON RED BLOOD CELLS A, B, Rh ANTIBODIES Proteins produced by IMMUNE SYSTEM IN BLOOD Produced in response to an antigen Anti- A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh

Blood Groups

Donating Blood Since Type O blood has no antigens it can be donated to all recipients and is called the Universal Donor. Since Type AB blood has no antibodies, it can receive blood from all donors and is called the Universal Recipient. Clumping/ Agglutination When antibodies come in contact with the opposite antigens

Case Study Bill has an immunodeficiency disorder that weakens his body’s ability to fight off infection. As his doctor you suggest a blood transfusion. Bill is A+. What blood type(s) could you give Bill?

Blood Vessels Channels that transport blood through the body Three main groups of blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart Have thick muscular walls Embedded with smooth muscle and elastic tissue As the heart pups blood, the walls of arteries expand and contract helping the blood have a constant flow through the body Diameter of arteries is generally smaller than the diameter of veins Arteries do not contain valves

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Capillaries Net of blood vessels that connect to arterioles and venules Only made up of one layer of cells Diffusion of material into body tissue: Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Wastes Spaces around capillaries Interstitial fluid Found between the cells of the body

Venules Capillaries drain into tiny veins called venules Carry blood mixed with cellular wastes and carbon dioxide into the Veins

Structure of Veins Outer Layer Middle Layer Inner Layer Valves Fibrous connective tissue Middle Layer Smooth muscle Elastic tissue Inner Layer Endothelium Valves Prevent backflow

Heart

Aorta Right Pulmonary Artery Left Pulmonary Artery Superior Vena Cava Left Pulmonary Veins Right Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Inferior Vena Cava Septum

AV Valves Tricuspid Valve – between the right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve – between the left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar Valves Pulmonary Semilunar Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic Semilunar Valve between the left ventricle and aorta

L R Aortic Pulmonary Semilunar Semilunar Valve Valve Bicuspid/ Mitral Valve Tricuspid Valve L R

Right-Receive / Left -Leave Acts as a double pump Right Side Left Side Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, Pumps blood to the body tissues Receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues Pumps blood to the lungs Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

Cardiac Cycle Cardiac cycle Complete contraction and relaxation of all FOUR heart chambers Systole Contraction Blood Pumped Out High Pressure Diastole Relaxation Blood Flowing In Low Pressure

Cardiac Cycle Atria and Ventricles relax (Diastole) SA Node fires Passive filling of blood from Vena Cava and Pulmonary Vein Semilunar valves closed – AV valves open - “dub” SA Node fires Atria contract (Systole) Blood pushed into ventricles AV Node fires Small delay allows atria to finish contracting before Ventricles contract Ventricles Contract (Systole) Blood pumped into Aorta and Pulmonary Artery

Factors Affecting Heart Beat Tachycardia- Heart is beating too fast (>100bpm) Bradycardia- Heart is beating too slow(<60) Drugs Uppers= increase Downers= decrease Temperature Increase in Temp =Increase in HR Decrease in Temp= Decrease in HR Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Levels

Blood Pressure Systole/ Diastole Hypertension Hypotension

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Amount of blood in body Heart rate Size of vessels Elasticity of vessels Resistance Distance from heart Viscosity of blood Stress Diet

Respiration Oxygen IN Carbon Dioxide OUT

Structures Nose Nasal and Oral cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Broncheoles Lungs Alvioli Diaphragm

Gas Exchange Inhale Exhale Oxygen passes from ALVEOLI to BLOOD by DIFFUSION Exhale Carbon Dioxide- passes from BLOOD to ALVEOLI by DIFFUSION

Conditions Necessary for Gas Exchange Thin walled alveoli and capillaries Moist surface Concentration gradient High to low/ low to high Adequate concentration of gas Proximity

Types of Gas Exchange External Internal Cellular Environment and respiratory system Internal Between blood and tissue Cellular Oxygen used to make ATP

Homeostasis Need oxygen in Carbon dioxide out Exercise Disease Breathe faster – need more ATP- More oxygen in Disease Poor heart/ lung function Need to work harder to bring in oxygen and get rid of Carbon Dioxide

Breathing As chest cavity increases in size pressure decreases and vise versa Inhalation Diaphragm contracts- increases volume of thoracic (chest) cavity- lungs expand- pull air into lungs Exhalation Diaphragm relaxes- thoracic cavity decreases in size- lungs compress- forces air out of lungs

Diseases Blood Veins and Arteries Anemia Sickle cell anemia Leukemia hemophelia Atherosclerosis Varicose Veins

Diseases Heart Lungs Heart Attack Cardiovascular disease Lung Cancer Asthma Bronchitis Pneumonia Emphysema

Reducing Factors of Disease Quit smoking Monitor cholesterol and blood pressure Maintain a healthy body weight Control diabetes Manage stress