Chapter 10 Political Socialization and Public Opinion  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

Political Socialization The way people acquire their political values. Family members. School and peers. Media, especially television. Religion. Demographics: race, ethnicity, gender, age, and region. Outside events.

AV- Racial and Ethnic Attitudes  Back

Figure 11.1- First-Year Student Ideology  Back

Figure 11.2- Religious Self-Identification  Back

Figure 11.3- Views on Hurricane Katrina  Back

History of Public Opinion Polls Successes of Literary Digest from 1920-1932. Used straw polls to make predictions. Literary Digest was incorrect in 1936; error in sample. George Gallup made correct prediction. Gallup was a pioneer in scientific public opinion polls. Continues to be successful today.

Figure 11.4- The Gallup Poll  Back

Conducting Public Opinion Polls Determining content and phrasing questions. Selecting sample. Common methods are random or stratified sampling. Contacting respondents. Random digit dialing is most popular.

Figure 11.6- Random Digit Dialing  Back

Types of Political Polls Push polls are used to influence opinion. Tracking polls are taken on a daily basis. Exit polls are taken after leaving a polling place.

Figure 11.7- Daily Tracking Poll  Back

Shortcomings of Polling Must consider margin of error. May make errors in selecting the sample. Polls limit respondents’ options. People may not have enough information to answer. Measures of intensity may be imprecise.

Figure 11.5- Opinion on Gas Taxes  Back

Table 11.2- Political Knowledge  Back

Influences on Public Opinion Political socialization. Personal benefits. Political knowledge, or lack thereof. Cues from leaders. Political ideology.

Figure 11.8- Public Opinion on Iraq  Back

Table 11.1- Gender Differences  Back

Effects of Public Opinion May influence the course of public policy. Some critics argue this weakens democracy. Creation of bandwagon and underdog effects.

Chapter 11 Political Parties  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

Political Parties Organized effort to gain power through elections. Consist of three entities. Governmental party, or the office holders. Organizational party, or the workers and activists. Party in the electorate, or the voters.

Roots of the Party System Federalists and Democratic-Republicans were earliest. 1820s Era of Good Feelings is relatively party-free. Whigs and Democrats after 1832. Development of the Republican Party in 1854.

Figure 12.1- American Party History  Back

Twentieth-Century Party System 1876-1912 was Golden Age of parties due to machines. Parties weakened in the modern era. Development of direct primary system. Changes in civil service laws. Growth of candidate-centered and issue-oriented politics. Increase in ticket-splitting.

Party Realignment During a realignment, party coalitions change. Critical elections put key issues into perspective. 1800, 1860, and 1932 were critical elections. No uniform realignment has occurred since 1932. Political system characterized by secular realignment.

Functions of the Party System Mobilizing support and building coalitions. Encouraging stability in the political system. Providing accountability for public policy. Running candidates for office. Providing a cue for voters. Formulating policy through a national party platform.

Figure 12.2- Realigning Elections  Back

Table 12.1- Party Platforms  Back

Minor Parties Winner-take-all system makes it difficult to win office. Sharp contrast to proportional systems used elsewhere. Rooted in sectionalism, protest, issues, and people. Do best when there is little trust in other parties. Can have success in putting issues on agenda.

Party Organization National committees, which hold conventions. State committees. Local committees. Informal groups, such as PACs and think tanks. Changed dramatically in recent years. New rules about soft and hard money have played role.

Figure 12.3- Party Organization  Back

Figure 12.4- Political Party Finances  Back

Party in Government Parties play a major role in organizing Congress. Parties shape perceptions of presidents. Presidents--to varying degrees--act as party leaders. Party may predict some judicial decisions.

Figure 12.5- Congressional Party Unity  Back

Figure 12.6- Gender Gap  Back

Party in the Electorate Party identification shapes political worldview. May be shaped by demographic characteristics. South, middle-aged, and white-collar more Republican. Evangelicals and married more Republican. Women, minorities, and Jews more Democratic. Unions, advanced degrees, and single more Democratic.

AV- Partisan Identification  Back

Table 12.2- Party Identification by Group  Back

Dealignment and Party Strength Argument that we are in a period of dealignment. Voters are much less likely to identify with a party. Result of the growth in issue-oriented politics. Parties are important in electorate and in government. Parties continue to be competitive with one another.

Chapter 11 Interest Groups  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

Interest Group Theory Groups build social capital and civic virtue. Their main goal is to influence public policy. A variety of theories exist about why groups form. Pluralist theory, which is related to disturbance theory. Transactions theory. Neopluralist theory (i.e. population ecology theory).

Types of Organized Interests Public interest groups (i.e. NARAL, NRA). Economic interest groups (i.e. AFL-CIO, NAM). Governmental units, who lobby for earmarks. Political action committees (i.e. EMILY’s List). Multi-issue versus single-issue groups.

AV- Interest Group Ratings  Back

Roots of Interest Groups First national groups emerge in 1830s. Business interests play larger role after Civil War. Groups begin to send lobbyists to Washington Progressive era leads to an explosion of groups. Growth of labor and trade associations.

The Interest Group State Expansion of civil rights and groups in 1960s. Development of conservative and religious groups. Evolution of new business groups dedicated to lobbying. Declining power of organized labor.

Table 16.1- Interest Group Profiles  Back

Lobbying Target Congress through research, money, or testimony. Also target bureaucratic agencies and the president. Lobby courts through sponsorship or amicus briefs. Can use grassroots techniques, such as petitions. May also resort to protests and activism.

Table 16.2- Lobbying Techniques  Back

Election Activities Recruiting and endorsing candidates. Organizing get out the vote efforts. Rating candidates and office holders. Establishing political action committees.

What Makes a Group Successful? Leaders, to inspire membership. Patrons, for funding. Members, who are involved at varying levels. Membership helps to overcome the free rider problem. Particularly true for groups that provide collective goods.

Regulating Interest Groups 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act regulates Congress. Requires lobbyists to register and report payments. New 2007 Honest Leadership and Open Government Act. Bans gifts, toughens disclosure, increases time limits. Executive regulated by 1978 Ethics in Government Act.

Table 16.4- Ethics in Government Act  Back