INTRUSIONS ARE USUALLY MADE WITH MOLTEN IGNEOUS ROCK. Hot lava pushing up from below the crust. Either from subduction or hot spots on Earth.

intrusions are always younger than the earth they break through.

intrusions are always younger than the earth they break through. Which intrusion is youngest? 2 or 3?

Unconformities are missing gaps or deformities in the geologic record. 2. Which is an unconformity: A or B?

FAULTS are cracks in the earth’s crust, that follow the same rules as intrusions. 3. When did the fault occur?

FAULTS are cracks in the earth’s crust, they, like intrusion, are younger than the rock they crack through too! 3. When did the fault occur?

See the fault. The rock on either side of this fault HAD to be there before the cracked fault came into existence.

intrusions & faults are always younger than the earth they break through. When did an unconformity occur?

4. ORDER A, B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 FROM OLDEST TO YOUNGEST. What’s the oldest rock layer numbered here?

Unfortunately, most of our earth’s layers are invisible to us. This is about all we normally see….

Most of our earth’s layers are invisible to us. So, HOW do geologists know all about Earth’s layers when they are mostly hidden under our feet?

They drill ROCK CORE SAMPLES!

These are earth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

These are earth CORE SAMPLES. See the intrusions?

These are earth CORE SAMPLES. See the unconformity?

These are ROCK CORE SAMPLES. See the unconformity? unconformity intrusion

Geologists collect and analyze these rock core samples all over the planet!

Geologists collect and analyze these rock core samples all over the planet!

Geologists analyze rock core samples to find earth’s geologic history…

And collect them from all over the world!

And collect them from all over the world!

And collect them from all over the world!

And collect them from all over the world!

Core sample activity?

ROCK CORE SAMPLES tell us of our EARTH’S GEOLOGIC HISTORY… ….but THERE’S MORE!

We’ve looked at ROCK core samples to help confirm that our continental plates were once connected as Pangea

ROCK core samples: To tell us how our plates were once connected…

ROCK core samples: To tell us how our plates were once connected & how they have moved.

ROCK core samples: To tell us how our plates were once connected & how they’ve moved; even suffered BIG NATURAL DISASTERS

ROCK core samples: To tell us how our plates were once connected & how they’ve moved; even suffered BIG NATURAL DISASTERS

Geologists are the ULTIMATE PUZZLE MASTERS!

ROCK CORE SAMPLES AREN'T THE ONLY CORE SAMPLES GEOLOGISTS USE TO TELL EARTH'S PAST.

We can drill into something colder than rock!

What’s the difference between ROCK CORES & ICE CORES???

Lonnie vid http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/profile-thompson.html

ICE CORES!

ICE CORES!

Why DO WE DRILL ice CORE SAMPLES?

Ice traps little bubbles of air in time, preserves layers of each ice age, traps dust & pollen, even volcanic ash. see the bubbles trapped in ice

Ice core samples can tell us our meteorlogic (weather/climate) past… Ice traps our atmospheric gases and dust; FREEZING it in time!

Examples of stuff trapped in ICE CORES:

ICE CORES trap: oxygen gas (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2) snow pack volcanic gases (sulfur dioxide SO2) & ash dust pollen

OUR ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE HISTORY! ICE CORES trap: oxygen gas (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2) snow pack volcanic gases (sulfur dioxide SO2) & ash dust some pollen OUR ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE HISTORY!

Let’s look at the evidence… Review the amount of dust and carbon dioxide found deep under ice towards the poles, going back hundreds of thousands of years.

Use colored pencils to trace over the lines in your graph, so you can ID each line.

About how often do we have ice ages?

Going back in time, (left to right), do high amounts of dust possibly cool the Earth?

Explain how this could happen?

CO2 levels (carbon dioxide) come from biological activity (like us breathing out).

Are rising CO2 levels (carbon dioxide) in our past connected to warmer or cooler temperatures?

Could our overpopulation be driving global warming today Could our overpopulation be driving global warming today? (Use the evidence below.)

Ice core sampling is neat!