T. Vedeld, W Kombe, C Kweka-Msala, S. Hellevik Governance, urban planning and climate resilient cities in Africa. The case of Dar es Salaam T. Vedeld, W Kombe, C Kweka-Msala, S. Hellevik EU 7th framework programme, collaboration NIBR- Ardhi University Dar es Salaam, 2010-2013 NFU Annual Conference, 26-27 November, 2012 Siri Bjerkreim Hellevik Senior development researcher 26/11/2012

Introduction Dar es Salaam: Population 3 million 75% of population live in informal settlements Rapid urbanisation: 1960s-70s : less than 20 big unplanned settlements, 1980s: almost 100. Currently: over 150 large settlements Many settlements on low-lying areas, wetlands areas Recurrent episodes of flooding in recent years December 2011- worst flood, 40 died, damages to assets and livelihoods for thousands 27/11/2018

Methods Review of policies, legal acts and national/international literature, Semi-structured interviews with decision makers, practitioners and local community members at various levels and Field observation Maps 2010-2013 All authors have collected data in the field 27/11/2018

Dar es Salaam city 27/11/2018

Governance actors Dar es Salaam city council Regional and district commissioners Regional Secretariat Three municipalities Ward level Sub-ward level (Mtaa level) Private developers Parastatal service delivery actors International and local NGOs Community-based organisations Bilateral and multilatera donors, foundations (e.g. Clinton Foundation) 26/11/2012

Bonde la Mpunga Highly risk exposed and vulnerable informal settlement in the city of Dar es Salaam Old settlement Wetlands area TANESCO built office Attractive area- on the Msasani peninsula 26/11/2012

Urban land use control and planning—planning for disaster risk management? No specific budget subvote/ expenditure on climate change nor climate related environmental issues. Only central government funds for disaster risk management No budget allocation for land use development control Land use development is largely informal and based on private buyers’ motives and interests E.g. Kinondoni MC has no specific unit for land development control; land development control matters are handled as additional and not core function 26/11/2012

Urban land use control and planning—planning for disaster risk management? Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development (MLHHSD) and local government shares responsibility National work on planning little attention to disaster risk management Separate disaster management authority within PMO’s office, but few staff local community action in disasters and some preparatory work (clear drains) Regional and district commissioner’s committees operative in emergencies, but no prevention work Ministry: approval of general and detailed planning schemes Local governments: enforce land use development control and ensure systematic implementation of plans Regional secretariats: oversee, clearing house for local government new middle-class houses block the natural drainage system with direct adverse impact on the adjoining houses which are occupied by indigenous inhabitants. Local government do not seem to do anything about this situation. This leads one to conclude that the local government work on urban land use control and planning does not seem to take into consideration the risk of disasters or to involve the local population affected by planning decisions. Often bureaucrats prepare plans and invites local community members to participate as a matter of informing them and selling their view on the proposals. Even then, ideas given by communities are not always incorporated in the plan 27/11/2018

Climate change adaptation and urban planning CC units and funding are centralized in sector ministries Minister of environment within the Vice President’s Cffice Environment Division within the Vice President’s Office Climate related issues addressed indirectly in preparation of plans (e.g. wetlands, flood plains, areas vulnerable to sea water rise). BUT: Land use control not enforced- creates problems of flooding No specific budget subvote/ expenditure on climate change nor climate related environmental issues ACC Dar: Adapting to climate change in coastal Dar es Salaam, is a three year project co-funded by the European Commission. Its aim is to contribute to the implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) of the United Republic of Tanzania. 50 Municipal climate partnership: The '50 Municipal Climate Partnerships by 2015' project is being jointly implemented by the Service Agency Communities in One World and the North Rhine-Westphalian Working Party on Agenda 21 (LAG 21 NRW) C40 climate leadership group: C40 is a network of the world’s megacities taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With a unique set of assets, the C40 works with participating cities to address climate risks and impacts locally and globally. Cooperating with Clinton foundation

Climate change adaptation and urban planning (cont.) Bureaucrats including planners, engineers, land managers, senior politicians (councilors and mayors), municipal directors hardly informed. No environmental officers in Regional, district/municipal, ward and mtaa administrative levels Mtaa/ Village and Sub-Ward levels environment committees mainly deal with solid waste management and other environmental related issues International projects to strengthen CCA in DSM: ACC Dar, 50 Municipal Climate Partnership, C40 Climate Leadership Group (with Clinton Foundation) 27/11/2018

Service delivery actors Key sectors involved in urban service delivery should be involved in DRM and CCA Limited availability of key services to the low income part of the population 92% do not have access to the sewerage system and use pit latrines. Poor drainage systems shared responsibility for maintenance of the different roads municipality often fail to regularly clean, and fully maintain storm water drains 27/11/2018

Service delivery (cont.) Natural storm drains from encroachment by informal home builders Water and sanitation, deconcentrated services by parastatals, no sewerage pipes in informal settlements, only 6% of the built up areas in Dar es Salaam have sewerage or septic tank systems. waste collection and solid waste, municipal Councils are also responsible, private companies, small waste collectors using push carts BUT: weak cleaning of drains and massive amounts of solid waste lying around clogging up drains 27/11/2018

Conclusions More preparation work needed Build on ongoing local community action Early warning system including using community organisations/units, e.g. community prayer groups, housing zones/clusters, and various social groups for communication and mobilisation of people in disaster risk management and in preparedness, such as cleaning drains Land use planning to integrate CCA and DRM 26/11/2012

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