Chemistry for the new 2014 KS3 curriculum 27/11/2018 27/11/2018 Earth and Atmosphere Chemistry for the new 2014 KS3 curriculum W Richards The Weald School (slideshow taken from Education Using PowerPoint)

The Composition of the Earth 27/11/2018 1) The atmosphere 2) The hydrosphere (oceans and seas) 3) The lithosphere (crust)

The Structure of the Earth 27/11/2018 A thin crust - 10-100km thick A mantle – has the properties of a solid but it can also flow A core – made of molten nickel and iron. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid

What are rocks? 27/11/2018 Rocks are made from a combination of minerals and can be hard or soft depending on how the minerals are arranged. Rocks can be found here… …and here… …and here… …and here

Types of Rock Rock Description Sandstone Marble Limestone Basalt 27/11/2018 Rock Description Sandstone Marble Limestone Basalt Granite Mudstone Slate Conglomerate

Rocks can be broken off the side of mountains Forming rocks 27/11/2018 Rocks can be broken off the side of mountains Rock shape up here When rocks are transported by a river they are eroded: Rock shape down here “Sediment”

Sedimentary rocks 27/11/2018 Sandstone Limestone Conglomerate

Sedimentary rocks How sedimentary rocks are formed: 1) Weathering 27/11/2018 How sedimentary rocks are formed: 1) Weathering 2) Transportation 3) Deposition 4) Burial

Features of Sedimentary Rocks 27/11/2018 Scientists study sedimentary rocks to get useful information about the Earth, such as: This rock contains ripple marks to show where water was present in the past This rock contains fossils, giving useful clues about the development of life This rock contains shells and other fragments of life

Metamorphic rocks 27/11/2018 Quartzite Slate Marble

Metamorphic rocks 27/11/2018 Metamorphic rocks are formed by the combined effect of heat and pressure on other rocks: Pressure from rocks above… …and heat from magma nearby

Igneous rocks 27/11/2018 Granite Obsidian Pumice

Igneous rocks 27/11/2018 Igneous rocks are formed when lava or magma cools down and solidifies If the lava or magma cools QUICKLY it has SMALL crystals If the lava or magma cools SLOWLY it has BIG crystals

Sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic? Summary 27/11/2018 Sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic? How they were formed Appearance Sedimentary (e.g. sandstone, _______, chalk) Small pieces of sediment were ______ together by salt and pressure from rocks above Usually soft, can contain ________, easily eroded Igneous (e.g. basalt, _______) Liquid rock (______ or lava) cooled down and turned back into a ______ Contain ______, very hard, never contain fossils Metamorphic (e.g. ______, slate) Other rocks were acted on by heat and _______ over a long time Sometimes have tiny crystals, no fossils, always hard and sometimes arranged in _______ Words to use – layers, stuck, granite, marble, fossils, limestone, crystals, pressure, magma, solid

27/11/2018 The Rock Cycle

Rocks revision quiz What are the 3 types of rock? 27/11/2018 What are the 3 types of rock? What type of rock are the following: Sandstone, limestone, granite, basalt, slate What type of rock would a mountain probably be made out of? What are the two conditions needed for a metamorphic rock to form? Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone? Why wouldn’t you find any fossils in igneous rocks? You find a rock containing crystals. What type of rock would it most probably be? What is molten rock that is inside the Earth called? What is molten rock that is outside the Earth (i.e. erupted) called? A piece of rock contains layers. What type of rock would it probably be?

The Earth’s Resources 27/11/2018 Humans are using up the Earth’s natural resources. Here are some facts: Resource Facts Oil Current (known) sources will run out by 2060 Gas Current (known) sources will run out by 2070 Coal Due to run out by 2200 Phosphorus Needed for plant growth. Reserves are due to run out in the next 100 years Fresh water By 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of water scarcity

Reducing Pollution by Recycling 27/11/2018 Reasons why recycling is good Reasons why recycling is bad Still requires energy Reduces demand for raw materials Recycling Paper, metal and plastic can be recycled Requires money to sort and recycle What is the more obvious option? Reduces the amount of rubbish going to landfill sites

The Carbon Cycle CO2 in air 2. Plants release CO2 through respiration 27/11/2018 2. Plants release CO2 through respiration Burning fossil fuels also releases CO2 CO2 in air 1. CO2 is taken in by plants for photosynthesis and turned into glucose 6. These microbes also release CO2 through respiration 4. Animals release CO2 through respiration 5. Animals (and plants) die and their remains are fed on by microbes 3. The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by animals and the animals that eat them

The Earth’s Atmosphere 27/11/2018 Present day atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% noble gases and about 0.03% CO2 Carbon dioxide, water vapour Oxygen Nitrogen Noble gases

Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming 27/11/2018 Global levels of Carbon Dioxide in PPM Is there a link?

The Greenhouse Effect 1) Heat and light energy reach us from the sun… 27/11/2018 1) Heat and light energy reach us from the sun… 3) …some of the heat escapes back into space… 4) …while some of it is reflected back to the Earth – this is called The Greenhouse Effect 2) …a lot of this heat is reflected off the Earth’s surface…

What problems do these next pictures show? 27/11/2018 What problems do these next pictures show?

27/11/2018

Upsetting the balance 27/11/2018 Until recently, the environment has maintained a balance in carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration… …and used by photosynthesis Unfortunately, this balance is being upset by two main factors: Excessive burning of fossil fuels… …is producing too much carbon dioxide Large scale deforestation… …is slowing down the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

This slideshow has been made freely available on the TES Resources website. More Science PowerPoints like this can be found at the website www.educationusingpowerpoint.com. This site contains slideshows that cover the 2011 AQA, EdExcel, OCR Gateway and OCR 21st Century courses (with more material being added every year) and A Level Physics and KS3 material for the 2014 curriculum. Some slideshows are free, others require a small subscription fee to be taken out (currently only £50 for a year). Further details can be found at Education Using PowerPoint.