BODY COMPOSITION

All of the tissues that together make up the body. BODY COMPOSITION All of the tissues that together make up the body. Fat free mass + Fat mass

Why Is It Important To Understand Body Composition? Having too much or too little fat can both lead to serious health risks A healthy level of body fat percentage is necessary to maintain good health

An Excess Of Body Fat At Which Health Risks Begin To Increase. OBESITY An Excess Of Body Fat At Which Health Risks Begin To Increase.

OBESITY Leading cause of preventable death It is directly related to nearly 300,000 deaths per year.

HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER

MAY DEVELOP HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Description Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped and the size and flexibility of the arteries. Signs and tests Hypertension may be suspected when the blood pressure is high. It is confirmed through blood pressure measurements that are repeated over time. Blood pressure consistently elevated over 140 systolic (which indicates the pressure generated when the heart beats) or 90 diastolic (which indicates the pressure when the heart is at rest). The person may show signs of complications Prevention Lifestyle changes may be helpful to control high blood pressure. Lose weight, if overweight. Excess weight adds to strain on the heart. In some cases, weight loss may be the only treatment needed. Exercise to improve cardiac fitness. Dietary adjustments may be beneficial, especially a decrease of sodium in diet. Modify intake (sodium intake may have little effect in persons without hypertension but may have a profound effect in those with hypertension). Salt, MSG, and baking soda all contain sodium.

INCREASED CHANCE OF STROKE The most common cause of stroke is atherosclerosis. (See stroke secondary to atherosclerosis.) Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits and blood platelets collect on the wall of the arteries, forming plaques. Over time, the plaques slowly begin to block the flow of blood. A plaque may block the artery enough to cause a stroke, or it may trigger a blood clot that causes a stroke. The formation of a plaque does not always lead to a stroke. The arteries are large enough that 75% of the blood vessel can be blocked, and there will still be adequate blood flow to that area of the brain. Furthermore, there are many small connections between the arteries in the brain. If the blood flow is gradually blocked in one artery, these small connections will increase in size and "by-pass" the obstructed area. Even a totally blocked artery may not cause a stroke. A stroke may be caused by a blood clot that forms in the brain (a thrombus) or a blood clot, piece of plaque, or other material that travels to the brain from another location (an embolism). Bleeding (hemorrhage) within the brain can, on rare occasions, cause symptoms that mimic stroke. A stroke caused by a blood clot in the brain (a thrombus) is most common in older people, and often there is underlying atherosclerosis or diabetes. This type of stroke may occur at any time, including at rest. The person may or may not lose consciousness.

DIABETES Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes is a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles. There are two major types of diabetes: Type 1 - A disease in which the body does not produce any insulin, most often occurring in children and young adults. People with Type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin injections to stay alive. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10 percent of diabetes. Type 2 - A metabolic disorder resulting from the body's inability to make enough, or properly use, insulin. It is the most common form of the disease. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 to 95 percent of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is nearing epidemic proportions, due to an increased number of older Americans, and a greater prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.

OSTEOARTHRITIS It is associated with the aging process and is the most common form of arthritis. It may first appear without symptoms between 30 and 40 years of age and is present in almost everyone by the age of 70. Symptoms appear in middle age. Before the age of 55 it occurs equally in both sexes; however, after 55 the incidence is higher in women. The cartilage of the affected joint is roughened and becomes worn down. As the disease progresses, the cartilage becomes completely worn down and the bone rubs on bone. Bony spurs usually develop around the joint. Prevention Weight reduction in menand women reduces the risk of developing knee osteoarthritis.

HEART DISEASE Coronary artery disease is by far the most common cause of angina. Blockages in the coronary arteries, called plaques, prevent enough blood from reaching the heart muscle. The risk factors for angina include male gender, cigarette smoking, high cholesterol levels (in particular, high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol), high blood pressure, diabetes, a family history of coronary heart disease before age 55, a sedentary lifestyle, and being more than 30% over ideal body weight. Prevention The best prevention is to modify the risk factors that can be changed. Stop smoking, lose weight if you are overweight, and control blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol. Some studies have shown that modifying risk factors can prevent the progression of arterial blockages and can even lead to a decrease in the severity of blockages.

UNDERFAT When not enough body weight is composed of fat and can lead to serious health risks.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

AMENORRHEA Associated with women with less than 10% body fat Results in an absence of or infrequent menstruation.

Why some fat is needed? Absorption and use of vitamins Insulation Protection Energy Source

How do we measure body composition?

Skinfold calipers Hydrostatic Weighing Impedence machine (Tanita Scale)

IMPEDENCE Reflects the body’s inherent resistance to an electrical current. Muscle acts as a conductor of the electrical current Fat acts as a resistor.

Tanita Printout

FAT FREE MASS All tissues that are free of fat including: Muscle Bone Water Blood Tendons Ligaments Measured in pounds

BODY FAT MEASURED BY % Amount of tissue that is fat Can also be measured in pounds 3500 calories equals one pound of fat Extra calories not used during the day are stored as fat Add picture of oozing fat

Essential Fat > 5% > 10% The percentage of total body weight that is fat. Classification Males Females Underfat < 5% < 10% Essential Fat > 5% > 10% Borderline/Athletes 6 - 13% 11 - 16% Healthy Zone 14 - 25 % 17 - 32% Obesity (Health Risks) > 25% > 32%

BMI Is used to determine health risks in the general population Does not indicate true body fat percentage Does not take into account muscle mass or bone structure

(on your body comp printout) BMI - body mass index is a height to weight ratio (weight divided by height squared times 703) CLASSIFICATION BMI UNDERWEIGHT ------------------- < 18.5 NORMAL ------------------- 18.5 - 24.9 OVERWEIGHT ------------------- 25 - 30 OBESE (HEALTH RISK) ------------ > 30 (on your body comp printout) BMI found on your printout for body comp

BMR- BASAL METABOLIC RATE BY THE NUMBERS BMR- BASAL METABOLIC RATE Refers to the number of calories burned when totally inactive. When muscles become larger, BMR goes up and body fat goes down. 90% of all calories are metabolized by muscles

TBW - TOTAL BODY WATER The amount of water expressed in pounds retained in the body. Comprises between 50% - 70% of total body weight.

What are the factors that influence body composition? THINK ABOUT IT What are the factors that influence body composition?

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE Diet Heredity Metabolism Maturation Early fatness Physical activity 3500 Calories = 1 lb (Calories in versus Calories expended)

Activities That Influence Body Composition Lifetime activities Aerobic activities Active sports Strength and muscular endurance activities

What types of fitness activities influence body composition? THINK ABOUT IT What types of fitness activities influence body composition?

HEALTHY FOR LIFE What choices do you need to make everyday regarding nutrition and exercise to improve or maintain a healthy body composition ?