The Interwar Period

League of Nations What it was? International cooperative organization Established to prevent future wars Why it failed? United States not a member It did not have power to enforce its decisions

The Mandate System During WWI- Great Britain and France agreed to divide up large portions of the Ottoman Empire between themselves After the war– the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over what became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control)

“Solutions” to World War I: Mandate System • Great Britain and France agreed to divide the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. • The “mandate system” gave Great Britain lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine and France lands that became Syria and Lebanon • This system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

Mandate System The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

England & Ireland Easter 1916, Irish militants revolted against British rule wanting independence but it was squashed quickly 1922, Ireland becomes the Self-Governing Irish Free State

Worldwide Depression Causes… German Reparations Expansion of production capacities and dominance of the US in the global economy High protective tariffs Excessive expansion of credit Stock Market Crash (1929) Impact… High unemployment Bank failures and collapse of credit Collapse of prices in world trade Nazi party’s growing importance in Germany; Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse

Change in economic indicators 1929–32 United States Great Britain France Germany Industrial production –46% –23% –24% –41% Wholesale prices –32% –33% –34% –29% Foreign trade –70% –60% –54% –61% Unemployment +607% +129% +214% +232%

The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.

Remember The Treaty of Versailles? Germans had to accept Blame for WWI had to pay $33 billion in Reparations were forced to reduce the Army to 100,000 men lost all overseas Territories as well as Alsace and Lorraine 18

Failure of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany was left without an army or navy to defend itself. Serious depressions (especially Germany b/c of war reparations). Territories divided, new nations created w/o consideration of the people. Soviet Union was left out of peace talks.

And the causes of World War II. The Rise of Dictators: And the causes of World War II.

Hitler as WWI Soldier

Hitler built up support in Germany and was arrested for treason 22

Jailed, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf– “My Struggle” 23

Germany Adolf Hitler Inflation and depression Democratic government weakened Anti-Semitism Extreme nationalism National Socialism (Nazism) German occupation of nearby countries

Austrian, fought in WWI German Army NAZI GERMANY: HITLER Austrian, fought in WWI German Army Weimar Republic: Constitutional government after WWI 1923, imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf 1933, became Chancellor, but 1934 was a dictator

Extreme nationalism and racism (anti-Semitism) NAZI GERMANY: HITLER Extreme nationalism and racism (anti-Semitism) Militaristic expansion Charismatic leader Terror & secret police Nuremburg Laws (1935) & Kristallnacht (1938) No modern art, jazz, Christianity

Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Faces of Aggression:

Italy Benito Mussolini Rise of fascism Ambition to restore the glory of Rome Invasion of Ethiopia

FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI Joined allies in 1915 Post war: peasants unhappy, workers went on strike, veterans unemployed, trade dropped, taxes increased 1929, Mussolini asked to be Prime Minister by king Controlled by terror State vs. Individual FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI

FASCIST ITALY: Benito MUSSOLINI Extreme nationalism Militaristic expansion to restore Roman Empire Invaded Ethiopia 1935 WHY = strong, stable government, ended political feuds, national pride

Japan Hirohito and Hideki Tojo Militarism Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

JAPAN: TOJO AND HIROHITO 1925: all men could vote Unrest: poor, low wages Drawn to communism Invaded Korea, Manchuria (1931), China Militarism, Nationalism and Racism Tojo became militaristic Prime Minister for Emperor Hirohito 1940: Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy Prime Minister Hideki Tojo (above) and Emperor Hirohito (below)

Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

U.S.S.R. Joseph Stalin Entrenchment of communism Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police) Great Purge

A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

COMMUNIST SOVIET UNION: STALIN 5 Year Plans - 1928 (collectivization of farms, state industrialization) Great Purge 1934 - use of secret police - 7 million disappeared ?? Propaganda, Censorship, Atheism Worldwide spread of Communism vs. Guarantee national security

Common Themes: Hold power by force and fear Pass laws to forbid political competition Appeal to people’s prejudices All suffering from hard economic times

Early Aggressions: 1931: Japan takes Manchuria 1935: Mussolini invades Ethiopia 1935: Hitler begins to rebuild army 1936: Germany occupies Rhineland 1937: Japan invades China 1939: Germany invades Poland to begin World War II