385L33

Stations & Retrogression

Anaximander 6th cent. BCE concentrism; symmetrical distances Empedokles ca. 450 BCE reflected light; solar eclipse Philolaos 5th cent. BCE pyrocentrism; Counter-Earth Plato 427-348 BCE Spindle of Necessity; geocentric model Eudoxus 410-355 BCE 27 spheres Kallippos 370-300 BCE 34 spheres Aristotle 384-322 BCE 56 spheres; 5th element (aither); Unmoved Mover

Eudoxan Spheres

Eudoxan Spheres SPHERE MOVEMENT/POSITION APPEARANCE D planet on equator of D W-E same speed as C axis offset from axis of C hippopede : retrogression C E-W (axis perpendicular to axis of B) stationary longitude latitude oscillates at angle 2x offset between C and D B W-E once/22 months on axis perpendicular to ecliptic changes in speed longitudinal movement opposite to zodiac circuit through zodiac A E-W once/24 hours on N-S axis orbit around Earth

Eudoxan Spheres C + D

Eudoxan hippopede

Eudoxan Spheres

Eudoxus (410-355 BCE) CELESTIAL BODY EUDOXOS Moon 3 Sun Planets Fixed Stars 1 TOTAL 27 • rational, geometric model • accounts for observable movements assuming geocentricity and circularity • failure to account for differences in brightness • failure to account for some temporal irregularities in retrogression • confirmation from contemporary geometric research on circles, spheres, angles • nested spheres establish paradigm within which all subsequent research proceeds

CELESTIAL BODY EUDOXOS KALLIPPOS Moon 3 5 Sun Planets 5 x 4 = 20 3 x 5 (Mercury, Venus, Mars) + 2 x 4 (Jupiter, Saturn) = 23 Fixed Stars 1 TOTAL 27 34

CELESTIAL BODY EUDOXOS KALLIPPOS ARISTOTLE Moon 3 5 Sun 5 + 1 counter-sphere Planets 5 x 4 = 20 3 x 5 (Mercury, Venus, Mars) + 2 x 4 (Jupiter, Saturn) = 23 23 + 21 counter-spheres (3 x 4 [Mercury, Venus, Mars] + 2 x 3 [Jupiter, Saturn] = 44 Fixed Stars 1 TOTAL 27 34 56

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • confirmation of geocentricity and circularity • solution of physical problem of movement • counter-spheres added to communicate and “buffer” movements • mechanical vs. geometric model • physics of movement

Aristotelian Causes 1 (Artificial) DEFINITION EXAMPLE Material matter wood Formal arrangement, appearance, shape Efficient agent carpenter Final/Telic purpose to support sitting

Aristotelian Causes 2 (Natural) DEFINITION EXAMPLE Material matter biomass Formal arrangement, appearance, shape Efficient agent nature Final/Telic purpose

Aristotelian Movement : Telic Cause •Telic (or “final”) cause embodies aim (telos) towards which something either artificially or else naturally tends. •Chair = actualization (energeia) of wood’s (dynamis) = wood’s telic cause. •Tree = actualization (energeia) of acorn’s (dynamis) = acorn’s telic cause.

Aristotelian Movement : Actualization • God perfect, complete, autonomous, self-actualized (energeia). • God embodies telos of the dynamis embodied in all things: perfect self-actualization (energeia). • Telic cause of all things = to become self-actualized = to become God. • Desire to become God  all movement.