LECTURE NO. 2 INTRODUCTION TO HAZARDS Hazards Planning and Risk Management LECTURE NO. 2 INTRODUCTION TO HAZARDS Hazard Profiling, Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk September 6 FALL 2017 US – Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water

Course Material is Available at https://arjzaidi.wordpress.com/ semester/fall-2017-uspcasw/hazard-planning-and-risk- management/

Learning Objective After the completion of this lecture, students will be able to UNDERSTAND – the components of hazard and disaster risk management – Risk and Vulnerability

To start with 8/27/2017: Hurricane Harvey that was downgraded to tropical storm. 11/21/2008: Texas Hurricane Ike

Keep an eye on

We used many terms for disaster management, for example; Hazards Vulnerability Capacity Sensitivity Risk and Disaster Management

We have already discussed What is a Hazard? What is a Disaster? What is Hazard profiling? With example differentiate between vulnerability and capacity How disasters can be defined in terms of hazard; vulnerability and capacity How can you relate poverty with vulnerability and capacity? Examples of Disasters and Disaster Management from ancient history? Today we will discuss

Quick Quiz What is the difference between Hazard and disaster? Explain with an example that every hazard when materializes can not necessarily become a disaster.

“Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster only when the frequency or likelihood of a hazard and the vulnerability of the community increases the risk of being severely affected” What is Risk? Natural hazards and disaster management in Pakistan by Khan, Himayatullah and Khan, Abuturab

Hazard vs. Risk Hazard is a danger that a disaster event may develop A disaster is a function of the risk process Risk results from the combination of exposure to a hazard, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

Hazard and Risk Each Hazard carries an associated Risk Risk depends on likelihood of a hazard leading to an actual disaster and the consequences of that disaster When the response requirements for an emergency event exceed the capabilities of available emergency services the event is classified as a Disaster Knowledge of Risk is essential for Preparedness, Planning and Mitigation activities Hazard definition: National Governors Association, 1982 Hazard: source of danger that may or may not lead to a disaster

Risk : Definition Measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a specific time period Function of the probability of particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period (UNISDR) Source: CBSE, India Risk depends on: Nature of the hazard Vulnerability of the elements which are affected Capacity to recover Economic value of those elements Disaster risk management includes all measures which reduce disaster related losses of life, property or assets by either reducing the hazard or vulnerability of the elements at risk. Source: http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of disasters as the outcome of continuously present conditions of risk. Disaster risk comprises different types of potential losses which are often difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, with knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the patterns of population and socio-economic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad terms at least. The IFRC publishes every year a World Disaster Report, which describes remarkable disasters or crises and the characteristics of the disasters of the last decade

When Hazard and risk materializes then Disaster occurs Probability of hazard

Risk: Examples? A community/locality is said to be at ‘risk’ when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by its impact. Whenever we discuss ‘disaster management’ it is basically ‘disaster risk management’.

Source: http://i0. wp. com/unicefstories. files. wordpress

Hazard and Vulnerability A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes damage, casualties and disruption Disaster occurs only when hazards and vulnerability meet

Disaster occurs when hazard and vulnerability meet Source: CBSE: Central Board of Secondary Education India.

Vulnerability? The extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrains or a disaster prone area. Source: CBSE, India

Poverty -- vulnerability Physical Vulnerability who and what may be damaged or destroyed by a natural hazard Socio Economic Vulnerability socio-economic condition of the people affected by a disaster Poverty -- vulnerability Source: CBSE, India Condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors that increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Physical vulnerability: based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and their proximity, location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of building and structures to resist the forces acting upon them during a hazard event. Degree to which a population is affected by a hazard not only depends on physical vulnerability but also on social vulnerability of a community. For example, people who are poor and living in the sea coast don’t have the money to construct strong concrete houses. They are generally at risk and lose their shelters when ever there is strong wind or cyclone.

Vulnerability Examples? Share Examples? poor design and construction of buildings inadequate protection of assets lack of public awareness limited recognition of risks and preparedness measures and lack of proper management

Vulnerability Maps Examples

Flood

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Source: http://www. riazhaq

Source: http://www. ppaf. org PPAF- Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund

Source: http://reliefweb. int/sites/reliefweb

PCC definition is a function of (Turner II et al., 2003) Vulnerability PCC definition is a function of (Turner II et al., 2003) Exposure Sensitivity (of a system to changes in climate and the ability to adapt to system to changes in climate) Adaptive capacity Under this framework, a highly vulnerable system would be one that is highly sensitive to modest changes in climate. Integrated vulnerability index

Vulnerability: Several definitions and explanations Look at https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge- base/vulnerability/vulnerability-definitions

Vulnerability Reduction Developing “disaster resistant” communities Any Idea – How? How can we design and build our communities in the first place in these hazard-prone areas? http://www.memphis.edu/cait/pdfs/Phases_of_Emergency_Mngt_FINAL.pdf

Discussion/Comment/Question