Hiberlink is funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Investigating Reference Rot in Web-Based Scholarly Communication Martin Klein Los Alamos National.

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Presentation transcript:

Hiberlink is funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Investigating Reference Rot in Web-Based Scholarly Communication Martin Klein Los Alamos National #hiberlink #memento Herbert Van de Sompel Los Alamos National

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Hiberlink Project Partners Los Alamos National Laboratory: Research Library: Martin Klein, Robert Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel University of Edinburgh: Edina: Peter Burnhill, Neil Mayo, Muriel Mewissen, Christine Rees, Tim Stickland, Riachard Wincewicz Language Technology Group: Beatrice Alex, Claire Grover, Richard Tobin, Ke Adam Zhou Funding: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Acknowledgments Primary datasets: arXiv, Chesapeake Project, Elsevier, PubMed Central, PLoS, … (many more to come) Secondary datasets: Ex Libris, MS Academic, SerialsSolutions Technology support: CrossRef Labs, CrossRef Prospect, Elsevier Liaisons: archive.is, CrossRef, Internet Archive, Old Dominion University Web Science & Digital Library Research Group, perma.cc

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Reference Rot

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Problem Domain Web-based scholarly communication links to, references, Web resources: Formal citing of scholarly resources Referencing Web at Large resources needed or created in research activities e.g. project websites, software, ontologies, workflows, online debate, slides, blogs, videos, etc.

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Problem Domain Links to web resources are subject to Reference Rot: Link Rot: Link stops working, e.g. HTTP 404 Content Decay: Linked content changes over time

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link Rot Content Decay an increasingly blurry boundary

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content Decay

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, …

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, … There are issues here too, see David Rosenthal blog post

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, … Hiberlink focus

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References to Web at Large Resources Hiberlink focuses on the wide variety of web resources needed or created in research activities These resources: Are not necessarily under the custodianship of a party that cares about long term integrity, access Do not necessarily have the same sense of fixity that e.g. journal articles have Reference Rot makes it impossible to adequately recreate the temporal context for scholarly discourse

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Herbert Van de Sompel, et al. (2004)

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December !Exist Archived !Archived ExistArchived ExistArchived

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Hiberlink: Investigating Reference Rot Hiberlink explores references to Web at Large resources: Quantifies Reference Rot Explores potential solutions to Reference Rot Focuses on links in electronic journal articles But has the big picture in mind: dynamic, interdependent, web-based scholarly assets See Herbert Van de Sompel, From the Version of Record to a Version of the Record, CNI Spring 2013 plenary talk - QbNVA

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, … Is it worth our time to study this?

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Articles Increasingly Link to Web Resources URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December The New York Times Cares in-supreme-court-opinions-clicks-that-lead-nowhere.html in-supreme-court-opinions-clicks-that-lead-nowhere.html

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Quantifying Reference Rot

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Quantifying Reference Rot Reference Rot has been studied before: For the web at large For scholarly communication For government documents What is different with Hiberlink? Investigates Reference Rot not just link rot, i.e. includes the aspect of changing content not just rotting links Investigates coverage of referenced resources in web archives Operates at a massive scale regarding number of journal articles, referenced URIs, web archive lookups

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December STUDY Author (Date) Year of Publication of Citations # URIs#URIs looked up in web archives Lawrence (2001) ,577- Casserly (2003) Casserly (2007) Rumsey (2002) ,406- Davis (2002) Wren (2004) ,630- Sellitto (2005) ,043- Goh (2005) ,516- Dimitrova (2007) ,126- McCown (2005) ,387- Wagner (2009) , Parker (2007) ,229- Duda (2008) ,100- Falagas (2007) ,417- Russell (2008) Wren (2008) ,154- Moghaddam (2010) ,761 Sanderson (2011) ,052 Sanderson, R., Phillips, M., and Van de Sompel, H. (2011)

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Quantifying Reference Rot - Methodology

HTTP HEAD on referenced URI-R Follow redirects up to a maximum of 50 Record HTTP transaction chain If HTTP transaction chain ends with 2XX status code: Exists If HTTP transaction chain does not end with 2XX: !Exist

Lookup in web archives via a Memento Aggregator that covers among others Internet Archive, Archive-It, archive.is, British Library web archive, UK National Archives web archive, Icelandic web archive

Obtain TimeMap per URI If TimeMap does not exist: !Archived If TimeMap exists, select Memento URI-M closest to article publication date HTTP HEAD on URI-M Follow archived redirects up to a maximum of 50 Record HTTP transaction chain If HTTP transaction chain ends 2XX: Archived If HTTP transaction chain does not end with 2XX: !Archived

Data used for analysis

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Quantifying Reference Rot – Early Results

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Study: PubMed Central Corpus 01/ /2012 Articles processed: 494,785 Articles that contain Web at Large URIs: 176,527 References to Web at Large URIs: 557,432 Unique referenced Web at Large URIs: 327,782

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage Exists & Archived Referenced URIs URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage Exists & Archived in 30 Day Window URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage Exists & Archived in 15 Day Window URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage Exists & Archived in 07 Day Window URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage Exists & Archived in 01 Day Window URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage of !Exists per Year URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Percentage of !Exists, Archived per Year URIs extracted from PubMed papers – links to Web at Large resources

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Solving Reference Rot

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content - Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, …

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Addressing Content Decay Aim for a more pro-active approach to collect snapshots of web resources (likely to be) referenced in scholarly communication A system that hosts resources that are likely to be referenced in scholarly communication can create snapshots of itself by: o Using CMS, wikis, datawikis with solid versioning mechanisms o Subscribing to on-demand self web archiving service o Using transactional web archives, cf. SiteStory Referenced resources can be web archived on-demand: o By authors during note taking, authoring o By platforms involved in the publication process, e.g. archiving linked resources at the time of manuscript submission

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOI Content DecayFixity of content- Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, … Web archiving Content Versioning Systems Self archiving

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Click link to blog post

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive page

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Search and find Mementos in Internet Archive for

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Search and find a Memento in archive.is for

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Click perma.cc link to Memento of blog post

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from perma.cc

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Search and do not find Mementos in Internet Archive for

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Search and do not find Mementos in archive.is for

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December What Happened? Good news: The number of archived copies of the blog post was increased by pro-actively creating a Memento in perma.cc Bad news: The possibility of finding Mementos for the blog post in other web archives was undermined by replacing the Original URI-R with the Memento URI-M The Memento URI-M is a key in only one archive The Original URI-R is a key in all web archives Using the Memento URI-M in a link requires the permanent existence/uptime of the archive that issued it One link rot problem was replaced by another …

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Web Archives Less Permanent than Permanent?

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Web Archives Less Permanent than Permanent?

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Web Archives Less Permanent than Permanent? morning-fire/

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December What To Do? Need an approach for referencing archived resources that supports lookups in many web archives, not just one Since the Original URI-R is a key in all web archives, the linking approach needs to necessarily include it Hence, two URIs are required: The Original URI-R The Memento URI-M, e.g. the perma.cc URI But a link in HTML only carries one URI! It is understandable that the Memento URI-M is used for the link: the approach works with existing web infrastructure Yet, an approach to address link rot that itself is subject to link rot is … err… problematic

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December The Missing Link Proposal Extend the link to the Original URI-R with temporal context: Memento URI-M in a specific archive Dates: date of page that contains the link date of the link, cf. accessed at in citations of web resources Provide the Original URI-R and the temporal context in a machine-actionable manner so it can be used by user and machine agents to retrieve Mementos from various web archives

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December The Missing Link Proposal

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December How to Make Missing Link Happen? The existing approach works out of the box but is problematic Missing Link requires infrastructure changes but generally contributes to increased web persistence: HTML META for page date: no problem, already in use Attributes for to convey URI-M and link date: data- extensibility mechanism in HTML5 can be used but is not intended for cross-site applications In 1995, HTML had the URN attribute for as a means to address web persistence concerns Browser, tool support

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December References in Web-Based Scholarly Communication To Scholarly ResourcesTo Web at Large Resources Link RotDOI, HTTP version of DOIMissing Link proposal Content DecayFixity of content- Archiving: CLoCKSS, LoCKSS, Portico, Keepers Registry, … Web archiving Content Versioning Systems Self archiving

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Demo: Application Using Temporal Context for Links

Hiberlink is funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Investigating Reference Rot in Web-Based Scholarly Communication Martin Klein Los Alamos National #hiberlink #memento Herbert Van de Sompel Los Alamos National

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Demo: Application Using Temporal Context for Links

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Application Using Temporal Context for Links Memento for Chrome is an application that uses Original URI-R and dates to access Mementos in various web archives Memento around the date selected in user interface calendar Most recently archived Memento

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Memento Time Travel for Chrome

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Memento Time Travel for Chrome

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Application Using Temporal Context for Links An experimental version of Memento for Chrome also uses Missing Link information (Original URI-R, URI-M, and dates) to access Mementos in various web archives: Memento around the date selected in user interface calendar Most recently archived Memento Memento around the date of the page that contains the link Memento around the date of the link Memento URI-M in a specific archive A Memento client is just one example of an application that can use temporal context provided for links. Other applications, including search engines, can use it too

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December NYT has Link in NYT was: Changed to: <a href= data-versionurl=

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get near current time (done on Nov ) enabler:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from archive.is, Nov

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get at page date enabler: &

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from Internet Archive, Sep

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get from perma.cc enabler:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from perma.cc, Oct

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Link in NYT was: Changed to: <a href= data-versionurl=

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December All previous options available

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Added:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Click Link (done on November ) enabler:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Page

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Scroll down in page Shows Perma.cc link, added October , a month after the blog post

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get at page date enabler: &

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Page

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Scroll down in page Does not show Perma.cc link, added October , a month after the blog post

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Link in blog was: Changed (for fun) to:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Click Link (done on November ) enabler:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Page

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get at page date enabler: &

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from archive.is, Jun

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Right Click Link Get at link date enabler:

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Receive Memento from Internet Archive, Sep

Herbert Van de Sompel, Martin Klein – Hiberlink CNI Fall 2013, Washington, DC, December Bottom Line: A Link Leads to Many Times and Archives