Reproduction in Flowering Plants WALT – Explain how plants reproduce Sexually Mr. Stuart Living Environment

 Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens, anthers, carpels, ovaries and stigmas of one, locally available, named, insect-pollinated, dicotyledonous flower,

Sexual Reproduction Using the gametes from 2 parents to produce genetically unique individuals

Flower Sexual reproductive structure Produces egg and sperm Fertilization takes place inside the flower

Which is the most accurate statement Which is the most accurate statement? The principal role of a flower in the life cycle of a plant is: (a) attracting insects (b) producing seeds (c) producing pollen (d) producing nectar

*Stigma –top of the carpel, Sticky surface for pollen to stick to Female reproductive organ Male reproductive organ Pistil/ Carpel *Stigma –top of the carpel, Sticky surface for pollen to stick to *Style – connects the stigma to the ovary *Ovary –contains ovules ( eggs) Stamen *Anther – produces sperm nuclei by meiosis. Sperm nuclei are enclosed by pollen grains. *Filament – holds the anther up

Female Male Pistel = many Carpels What features of flowers might attract insects? Which part of the flowers become a the seed and be the fruit?

Draw an accurate diagram of a flower and include both Male/ Female Organs Pg 67 http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biology/world_of_plants/growing_plants/revision/4/

Pollination

Pollination WALT – Explain the Transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma using -wind -insects -birds & other animals

Name the agents of pollination Compare the different structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (production of endosperm and details of development are not required)

and examine the pollen grains under a light microscope or in photomicrographs

Pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma)

Draw in your books Cross Pollination

Self pollination –pollen from same flower *Self pollination –pollen from same flower *Cross pollination – pollen from a different flower - more variation

Because nature doesn’t like self pollination, often it is rejected

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, it sticks and a pollen tube grows down through the style to an ovule (egg)

Wind v Insect Pollination Wind pollinated flowers are different in structure from insect pollinated ones. [You need to be able to explain the main differences. This table will help to make these clear for you] Insect pollinated flowers - rose sweet pea Wind pollinated flowers - ragweed

Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated

Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated Use the information on pg 21-22 – Wind Pollinated Plants to help you fill the table in

large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects

often sweetly scented - to attract insects Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects often sweetly scented - to attract insects no scent - no need to attract insects

moderate quantity of pollen - less wastage than with wind pollination Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects often sweetly scented - to attract insects no scent - no need to attract insects usually contain nectar - to attract insects no nectar - no need to attract insects moderate quantity of pollen - less wastage than with wind pollination pollen produced in great quantities - because most does not reach another flower

pollen often sticky or spiky - to stick to insects Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects often sweetly scented - to attract insects no scent - no need to attract insects usually contain nectar - to attract insects no nectar - no need to attract insects moderate quantity of pollen - less wastage than with wind pollination pollen produced in great quantities - because most does not reach another flower pollen often sticky or spiky - to stick to insects pollen very light and smooth - so it can be blown in the wind and stops it clumping together

anthers firm and inside flower - to brush against insects Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects often sweetly scented - to attract insects no scent - no need to attract insects usually contain nectar - to attract insects no nectar - no need to attract insects moderate quantity of pollen - less wastage than with wind pollination pollen produced in great quantities - because most does not reach another flower pollen often sticky or spiky - to stick to insects pollen very light and smooth - so it can be blown in the wind and stops it clumping together anthers firm and inside flower - to brush against insects anthers loosely attached and dangle out - to release pollen into the wind

stigma inside the flower - so that the insect brushes against it Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated large, brightly coloured petals - to attract insects small petals, often brown or dull green - no need to attract insects often sweetly scented - to attract insects no scent - no need to attract insects usually contain nectar - to attract insects no nectar - no need to attract insects moderate quantity of pollen - less wastage than with wind pollination pollen produced in great quantities - because most does not reach another flower pollen often sticky or spiky - to stick to insects pollen very light and smooth - so it can be blown in the wind and stops it clumping together anthers firm and inside flower - to brush against insects anthers loosely attached and dangle out - to release pollen into the wind stigma inside the flower - so that the insect brushes against it stigma hangs outside the flower - to catch the drifting pollen

Fertilization The sperm travels through the pollen tube to the ovule. The sperm & egg fuse forming the zygote (fertilized egg) –this grows into the plant embryo (cells grow by mitosis)

The ovary and zygote (fertilized ovule) develop and ripen. *The ovule forms the seed and the ovary forms the fruit. A fruit is a ripened ovary

Germnination WALT – Understand the process of germination

The plant embryo uses food stored in the cotyledon of the seed until it develops leaves for photosynthesis

Cotyledon – Leaf inside seed that supplies food to growing embryo

Seedling micropyle –opening in ovule where pollen tube attached and sperm entered hilum –scar where ovule attached to ovary radicle –embryonic root

Epicotyl – grows above the cotyledons and gives rise to the leaves. Hypocotyl –below the point of attachment of the cotyledon, develops into the stem.

Parts of a seed Dicot Monocot Seed coat Hypocotyl Epicotyl Cotyledons Endosperm Radicle Cotyledon Dicot Monocot

Seed Germination Monocot Dicot Hypogeous Epigeous Radicle

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