Matter Unit Structure of an Atom

What is an atom? Atom: the smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of the substance

The Evolution of atomic structure

1800 – John Dalton Dalton's Atomic Theory: Matter is composed of small particles called atoms. All atoms of an element are identical, but are different from those of any other element. During chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed, but are simply rearranged. Atoms always combine in whole number multiples of each other. For example, 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 or 1:3.

Modern Atomic Theory Element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions! All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element

Quantum Mechanical Model Electrons are located in specific energy levels. There is no exact path around the nucleus. The model estimates the probability of finding an electron in a certain position.

Atomic Structure Atoms are composed of 2 regions: Nucleus: the center of the atom that contains the mass of the atom Electron cloud: region that surrounds the nucleus that contains most of the space in the atom Nucleus Electron Cloud

Atomic Structure The nucleus contains 2 of the 3 subatomic particles: Protons: positively charged subatomic particles Neutrons: neutrally charged subatomic particles The 3rd subatomic particle resides outside of the nucleus in the electron cloud Electron: the subatomic particle with a negative charge and relatively no mass

Atomic Particles e- p+ n0 Particle Charge Mass # Location symbol Electron -1 Electron cloud e- Proton +1 1 Nucleus p+ Neutron n0

How do these particles interact? Protons and neutrons are in the tiny positively charged nucleus accounting for most of the mass of the atom The negatively charged electrons are small and have a relatively small mass but occupy the larger volume of space outside the nucleus

How do the subatomic particles balance each other? In an atom: The # of protons = The # of electrons If 20 protons are present in an atom then 20 electrons are there to balance the overall charge of the atom—atoms are neutral The neutrons have no charge they do not have to equal the number of protons or electrons

The number of protons identifies the atom. An atom with 6 protons = Carbon An atom with 8 protons = Oxygen An atom with 20 protons = Calcium

He ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2 4 Atomic number the number of protons in an atom Atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in an atom # of electrons = # of protons # of neutrons = Atomic mass – # of protons

How exactly are the particles arranged? Bohr Model of the atom: All of the protons and the neutrons The 3rd ring can hold up to 8 e- The 1st ring can hold up to 2 e- The 4th ring and any after can hold up to 18 e- The 2nd ring can hold up to 8 e-

Determine the number of subatomic particles in the following: Cl has a mass # of 35 and an atomic # of 17 p+ = 17, no = 18, e- = 17 K has a mass # of 39 and an atomic # of 19 P+ = 19, no = 20 e- = 19

What does carbon look like? Mass # = 12 atomic # = 6 p+ = 6 no = 6 e- = 6 6 p and 6 n live in the nucleus

Practice Bohr Diagrams