A Brief History of Psychology:

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Presentation transcript:

A Brief History of Psychology:

Roots of Psychology Pre-scientific Psychology To include a few notable names: Plato Aristotle Rene Descartes John Locke George Berkeley James and John Stuart Mill

Plato In his Theory of Forms, Plato attempted to define the structure of the mind Used the term Psyche to define the soul/mind and study human behavior Many people attribute the origin of psychology to Plato

Aristotle Wrote the book Para Psyche (About the Brain) in which he theorized how to study reason and thought (Cognition) Tried to define the differences between cognitive thought and emotional impulses

Rene Descartes Viewed the mind and the body as two separate entities Ruled out organs other than the brain as location of mental functioning Human minds consist of two kinds of ideas (innate and derived)

John Locke The mind is a blank slate (Aristotle’s idea of tabula rasa) Opposed the notion of innate ideas, life’s experience makes the man Empiricist approach- knowledge acquired by careful observation

George Berkeley Two early works that exert an influence on psychology (1700s) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)

James Mill Applied the doctrine of mechanism to the human mind, the mind is a machine No Free Will (Skinner) The mind has no creative function; association is an automatic, passive process

John Stuart Mill James Mill’s son Argued against his father saying the mind plays an active role in the association of ideas Suggested that there could be a “science of psychology” The mind could be studied scientifically

Founders of Scientific Psychology In Germany. . . Why?

Zeitgeist!!!!! Intellectual spirit of the times Not England Not France But, Germany

Wilhelm Wundt First research laboratory in psychology at University of Leipzig (1879) Research methods included: introspection, psychophysical measurements and reaction time Methods of scientific study lasted

Hermann Ebbinghaus Published classic studies on memory (1885)

Max Wertheimer Gestalt Psychology Argued that the mind’s elements could not completely explain consciousness The whole is different than the sum of its parts Important work with perception, learning, thinking Antecedent to cognitive psychology

Early Milestones Over the Pond (in the US) Clark University on Freud’s only trip to the US (G. Stanley Hall in center)

G. Stanley Hall Established the first research psychology lab in the US at Johns Hopkins University (1883) First President of APA First American psychology journal(1887)

William James Wrote the influential Principles of Psychology (1890) Associated with functionalism, a perspective emphasizing the functions (purpose) of behavior rather than the structures Said first psychology lecture he attended was the first one he gave (Harvard man) Established “first” experimental laboratory

Edward B. Titchener Student of Wundt who spent career at Cornell University Founded structuralism, based partially on Wundtian concepts Sought to explain consciousness by analyzing structural elements

Mary Whiton Calkins First woman president of APA (1905) Harvard would not allow her graduate studies under William James James informally administered her exams Harvard would not give her a Ph. D. Radcliffe College offered her a degree, she declined

Christine Ladd Franklin First woman psychologist Vassar (1869) Never accepted in the field No formal academic post in psychology Studies in vision

Margaret Floy Washburn First woman to receive a Ph. D in psychology (1894) at Cornell Wanted to go to Columbia, but they would not admit women into the programs Was Titchener’s student Had a successful career in psychology

Leta Stetter Hollingsworth Pioneered work on adolescent development, mental retardation and giftedness Examined scientific beliefs regarding women’s “nature” and social roles In 1921 she was cited in American Men of Science for her research on the psychology of women

What does this tell you?

Back to Austria and the study of consciousness Sigmund Freud Published Interpretation of Dreams (1900), his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic theory was the first theory of personality