Good Morning! On your warmup sheet: Tell me what’s happening here What part of the brain would this be happening to? Would this be ethical? Why or why not??

The Cerebral Cortex

The Evolving Brain Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex. The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians. The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures.

When it comes to Cortex… Size DOES Matter If flattened, a human cortex would cover about four pages of this book. A chimpanzee's would cover one page a monkey's a postcard a rat's a postage stamp. From Scientific American, October 1994, p. 102.

Areas of the Cortex More intelligent animals have increased "uncommitted" or association areas of the cortex. These vast areas of the brain are responsible for integrating and acting on information received and processed by sensory areas.

Forebrain Structures Largest Brain Region with the most complex structures. What separates us from the beasts.

Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separate Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres Some functions are ‘lateralized’ language on left spacial relations, music on right Lateralization is never 100% Left Hemisphere Corpus Callosum Right key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere

Lateralization of the Hemispheres Discovering PSY 2e p74 table 2.2 An Example of Spatial Relations Answer: E

Short-Term Complications of Split-Brain Operation Left hand unbuttons a shirt while the right hand buttons it. Left hand puts grocery store items back on the shelf after the right hand put them in the cart. On woman, after a stroke to her corpus callosum, complained that occasionally her left hand would fly up to her throat and try to strangle her, requiring her right hand to push it away.

A Hammer is Flashed in the LEFT visual field of a split brain patient. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres A Hammer is Flashed in the LEFT visual field of a split brain patient. When asked, “What did you see?” What will they say?

Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres When asked to pick up the object they just saw with their LEFT hand they are able to do it. Why is this?

Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres An apple is shown to the split brain patient in their RIGHT visual field. When asked, “What did you see?” What will be their response?

They can say that they saw the apple. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres They can say that they saw the apple. Why do you think this is?

Split Brain Experiments

Split Brain Experiments

Split Brain Experiments

Split Brain Experiments HE ART

Split Brain Experiments

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

Lobes of the Cortex Frontal lobe—largest lobe, produces voluntary muscle movements, involved in thinking, planning, emotional control Temporal lobe—primary receiving area for auditory information Occipital lobe—primary receiving area for visual information Parietal lobe—processes sensory information from your body information

Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex Important in judgment, planning and sequencing areas Controls emotional center of the brain (limbic system) Contains Broca’s area for speech Prefrontal area for working memory (Short-Term Memory) – helps you remember what you just did so you know what to do next (sequencing) Motor Cortex Frontal Lobe Motor Cortex Motor Cortex Broca’s Area key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles. Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses

Temporal Lobe Contains primary auditory cortex – interprets hearing info Inputs are auditory, visual patterns speech recognition face recognition word recognition memory formation Outputs to limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and brainstem Temporal Lobe Auditory Cortex Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex Makes sense of visual info Sends info to parietal and temporal lobes Occipital Lobe Visual Lobe

Parietal Lobe Receives info from multiple senses Contains primary sensory cortex your “skin” sense of touch and temperature. Sends info to Frontal lobe to help in: hand-eye coordination eye movements attention Sensory Cortex Parietal Lobe

Let’s Review with Pinky & The Brain. BOREDOM BUSTER! Let’s Review with Pinky & The Brain.

Motor Cortex: Located at the back of the Frontal Lobe. The more precise movements, the more motor cortex the part uses up. Sensory Cortex: Located at the front of the Parietal Lobe. The more sensitive the area, the more sensory cortex it uses up.

Language and the Brain Aphasia—partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand language because of brain injury or damage Broca’s area—plays role in speech production Wernicke’s area—plays role in understanding and meaningful speech

Aphasias Broca’s Aphasia – Damage to Broca’s Area causes a person to struggle formulating words while still being able to comprehend speech. Wernicke’s Aphasia – Damage to Wernicke’s Area would cause a person only to be able to speak in meaningless words. Example of Wernicke’s Aphasia: Asked to describe a picture of two boys stealing cookies from behind a woman’s back, a patient responded, “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she’s looking the two boys looking the other part. She’s working another time.”

Language Areas of the Brain

How We Read Out Loud