1 2 3 1 2 3 Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Figure 24.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition. Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule 1 Renal tubule and collecting duct containing filtrate Peritubular capillary 2 3 To cortical radiate vein Three major renal processes: Urine 1 Glomerular filtration 2 Tubular reabsorption 3 Tubular secretion © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 24.15 Summary of tubular reabsorption and secretion. Cortex 65% of filtrate volume reabsorbed • H2O • Na+, HCO3−, and many other ions • Glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients Regulated reabsorption • Na+ (by aldosterone; Cl− follows) • Ca2+ (by parathyroid hormone) • H+ and NH4+ • Some drugs Regulated secretion • K+ (by aldosterone) Outer medulla Regulated reabsorption • H2O (by ADH) • Na+ (by aldosterone; Cl− follows) • Urea (increased by ADH) • Urea Regulated secretion • K+ (by aldosterone) Inner medulla • Reabsorption or secretion to maintain blood pH described in Chapter 26; involves H+, HCO3−, and NH4+ Reabsorption Secretion © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Kidney Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Figure 24.18 Pyelogram. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 24.19 Cross-sectional view of the ureter wall (10x). Lumen Mucosa • Transitional epithelium • Lamina propria Muscularis • Longitudinal Layer • Circular layer Adventitia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 24.20 Structure of the urinary bladder and urethra. Peritoneum Ureter Rugae Detrusor Adventitia Ureteric orifices Trigone of bladder Bladder neck Internal urethral sphincter Prostate Trigone Prostatic urethra Intermediate part of the urethra External urethralsphincter Urogenital diaphragm Urethra External urethral orifice Female. Spongy urethra Erectile tissue of penis External urethral orifice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Male. The long male urethra has three regions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy.

Figure 24.20 Structure of the urinary bladder and urethra. Peritoneum Ureter Rugae Detrusor Adventitia Ureteric orifices Trigone of bladder Bladder neck Internal urethral sphincter Prostate Trigone Prostatic urethra Intermediate part of the urethra External urethralsphincter Urogenital diaphragm Urethra External urethral orifice Female. Spongy urethra Erectile tissue of penis External urethral orifice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Male. The long male urethra has three regions: prostatic, intermediate, and spongy.

1 2 3 1 2 3 Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Figure 24.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition. Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule 1 Renal tubule and collecting duct containing filtrate Peritubular capillary 2 3 To cortical radiate vein Three major renal processes: Urine 1 Glomerular filtration 2 Tubular reabsorption 3 Tubular secretion © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Opener 24 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 24.1 The urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.