The Ecological Rise of Whales Chronicled by the Fossil Record

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The Ecological Rise of Whales Chronicled by the Fossil Record Nicholas D. Pyenson  Current Biology  Volume 27, Issue 11, Pages R558-R564 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The ecological rise of whales from the Eocene to today. (A) Reconstructed assemblage of stem cetaceans from the middle to late Eocene that did not live together, nor in similar environments (see [5]), including (clockwise from the top), a stranded Dorudon, Ambulocetus, Pakicetus, Kutchicetus, and Rodhocetus (art by Carl Buell). (B) Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) feeding on a prey patch off the coast of California. (Figures modified from [5] and [24], the latter by the BBC under J. Calambokidis NMFS permit 16111.) Current Biology 2017 27, R558-R564DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Whale phylogeny and evolution. Generalized view of cetacean evolution over geologic time, showing major lineages, innovations and ecological changes. Phylogenetic relationships follow morphological studies for fossil (stem) lineages [2,5,6,14,25,29,33], and molecular studies for living taxa [22,32]. Higher taxonomic groups among crown cetaceans show stratigraphic ranges that include both stem and crown lineages. Origin times and phylogenetic placements of key innovations are based on [13] for underwater hearing, [29] for echolocation, and [27] for filter-feeding. Abbreviations: Ma, millions of years ago; Pli, Pliocene; and Q, Quaternary. Current Biology 2017 27, R558-R564DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Baleen whale body size evolution over geologic time. (A) Mean body lengths for living and fossil mysticetes over geologic time. Shaded areas show quantiles of Brownian motion simulations on mysticete phylogeny to show that the range of modern body size lacks small species (less than 5 m) and is over-represented by large ones (more than 10 m), relative to the fossil record. Circles, baleen-bearing mysticetes; triangles; toothed mysticetes. (B) A smooth-spline fitted to oxygen isotope curve as a proxy for modelling temperature-dependent body size evolution. From [7]. Current Biology 2017 27, R558-R564DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Killer whale attack on a beaked whale. A killer whale (Orcinus orca) pursues and bites a beaked whale (Mesoplodon sp.) off Western Australia. Images reproduced from Figure 6 in [42]. Current Biology 2017 27, R558-R564DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Whale mass stranding from the Miocene. High dynamic range image of orthogonal three-dimensional point clouds showing several over-lapping adult and juvenile mysticetes from Cerro Ballena, a Miocene mass stranding fossil locality. Small scale bars 20 cm, large scale bars 30 cm. See [45] for more details. Current Biology 2017 27, R558-R564DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions