The Industrial Revolution Chapter 19 – Section 1

Industrialization – Beginnings and Causes 1780s in Great Britain, but took several decades to spread to Europe & N. America There are 5 main causes for the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

Causes of Industrialization in UK Increased food supply due to agricultural practices More farmland, good weather, transportation, and new crops More food, lower cost, lower labor Money can be spent on manufactured goods

Causes of Industrialization in UK Population growth More food = more people More people = larger labor force Larger labor force = more people to work in factories

Causes of Industrialization in UK Money Easy access to cash to invest Capital – money available for investment Money spent on industrial machines and factories Entrepreneurs – a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

Social Impact - Middle Class Industrial capitalism – economic system based on industrial production (manufacturing) Industrial middle class made up of factory owners & builders, as well as other business professionals

Causes of Industrialization in UK Natural resources Plentiful in UK Rivers – power sources and transportation Coal – fuel Minerals – tin and iron ore for manufacturing

Causes of Industrialization in UK Supply of markets Markets – regions/countries to sell finished goods Great Britain had many overseas colonies Ships could transport goods between UK and colonies Colonies Great Britain  raw materials manufactured products 

Cotton Before industrialization, goods were manufactured by cottage industry Production method where tasks are done by individuals in their homes Example: spin raw cotton into thread, weave thread into cloth on looms Inventions made cottage industry inefficient Flying shuttle Spinning jenny Water-powered looms Steam Engine – by James Watt in 1782

Coal and Iron Steam engine used coal for fuel Greater need for coal mining Better quality iron could be produced Coke, made from coal, burned away impurities from iron in a process called puddling Iron was used to build new machines and transportation

Railroads More efficient ways of moving goods to market were needed 1804 – first steam-powered locomotive 1830 – first railway line for public transit 1850 – 6000+ miles of railway track in UK Effects New jobs, cheaper transportation, cheaper goods, more factories, more machines, more profit

Factories New labor system created Shift work: machines ran 24/7, workers came to factory work in shifts Work discipline: most workers were from farms Farm work = hectic work for months, inactivity for months Factory laborers worked regular hours & did the same work over and over Fines for lateness, drunkenness, etc. Child workers were beaten

Social Impact - Working Class 12-16 hour days, 6 days a week, with ½ hour for lunch and dinner No job security No minimum wage Hot, dirty, dangerous, unhealthy work environment Children favored for mining and factory work b/c of their size Smaller hands to fix jammed machines Smaller bodies to fit in mining shafts Labor Laws eventually passed restricting child labor

Social Impact - Working Class Children’s jobs filled by women 50% British textile workers are women Unskilled labor Paid ½ or less of men’s pay Labor laws passed restricting women’s work Men – earn most of family income outside home Women – care for home/family, work low-paying jobs that can be done at home

Spread of Industrialization Mid-nineteenth century – UK was 1st and richest industrialized nation Industrialization spreads to Belgium, France, and German states Govts encouraged industrialization gave money to build roads, canals, and railroads

Industrialization in USA 1800 6 of 7 workers are farmers No cities with 100,000+ people Pop: 5 million No steamboats No railroad track 1860 5 of 10 workers are farmers 9 cities with 100,000+ people Pop: 30 million 1000+ steamboats for transport along Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Atlantic Ocean 30,000 miles of railroad track

Social Impact - Cities From 1750 to 1850 European pop. almost doubled to 266 million Decline in death rates from wars, disease Famine disappeared from W. Europe except for 1840s Irish potato famine More industrialization = bigger cities Cities home to factories b/c of steam engine Rapid growth of cities = horrible living conditions