THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Causes, effects, and long-term impacts

What was the Industrial Revolution? New manufacturing process that used machines (rather than humans) Revolutionized mass production from 1820 to 1840 Started with textiles Increased production, lowered costs of goods, led to new technologies Essential question: did the Industrial Revolution have a more positive or more negative impact on life?

New Changes Recap: what was the economy based on before the Industrial Rev? Predict: how would the Industrial Rev change that? Human and animal labor. Feudalism. Guilds. Small scale.

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Things got really bad really quickly

Urbanization Urbanization Movement to cities for jobs Overcrowding Tenement homes Slums No sanitation, limited running water, electricity, disease rampant Short life expectancies

Lots of families crammed into tenements – usually right near factories; pollution terrible

How the other half lived….

Working Conditions and Wages Factory system Less skilled (no more apprenticeships or masters) Conditions were dirty, dangerous, and unhealthy ….coal mines, anyone? Long hours (12-16 hrs) Not paid well (women and children less than men for same work)

Child Labor Why would kids need to work? BC urbanization! Too expensive to live in cities

Child Labor Earned 10% of an adult male’s wage Those late for work were severely punished They were hit with straps to work faster Some children were dipped head first into a water cistern if they became drowsy Talking to other children was forbidden Accidents were commonplace A visitor to Manchester commented that he had seen so many people in the streets without arms and legs that it was like "living in the midst of the army just returned from a campaign."

Worker’s Ages in Cotton Mills Age Male Female Under 11 246 155 11-16 1169 1123 17-21 736 1240 22-26 612 780 27-31 355 295 32-36 215 100 37-41 168 81 42-46 98 38 47-51 88 23 52-56 41 4 57-61 28 3 Horrible Histories “Victorian Work Song” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF_U4VGl1Jk

Women in the Workforce Factory jobs to support their family Paid half or a third of an adult male’s salary

Social Hierarchy Shift Ownership of land no longer most important factor Industrial capitalists (factory owners) Engineers, managers, shopkeepers Urban poor (factory workers)

Imperialism Countries needed more raw materials to fuel the growing Industrial Revolution and demand by the people Where will they go? Southeast Asia Africa How will they treat their new colonies? Direct control versus indirect control Feared rebellion; more strict control European countries had lost all of their colonies in the New World because they indirectly controlled them, making easier to rebel (geography and distance also played an important factor). So when they sat down for the Berlin Conference, the countries knew two things: they had to use direct control as to not allow their colonies to rebel, and they didn’t want to build up industry within those countries (also geography was a deal here too – Africa is much closer to Europe than America is, so it was cheap to ship back raw materials. Britain did set up industry in India bc of the distance and history, which is why India is faring better [kind of?] than most African countries currently are).

How did people respond to the changes and abuses of the Industrial Revolution? With a partner, predict demands and reforms ask by each of the following social groups: Women Children Wages Factory conditions Living conditions

How did people respond? Britain passed child labor and women labor laws Reformers regulated living and working conditions Workers formed unions

How did people respond? Growing gap between rich and poor made people mad Socialism and communism Government controls and plans the economy Vs Adam Smith’s capitalism

Socialists argued that the government should plan the economy by controlling factories, farms, railroads, mines, & important industries. This would create equality & end poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to the poor workers

LONG-TERM EFFECTS ENOUGH DEPRESSING STUFF; LET’S DISCUSS HAPPY IMPACTS

Leisure By the 1900s, more money + more free time = more fun! Parks Circuses Sports—football Bicycles Libraries Operas, theaters & museums

Realism and Romanticism

Health & Welfare Smallpox vaccine Penicillin Antiseptics Salvation Army

Closure Respond to one of the two following short-response prompts: Do you think we’re undergoing a new revolution? What would it be called? How will it impact society? What will history books write about your generation? Did the Industrial Revolution have more positive or negative consequences? Were the short-term atrocities negated by the long-term impacts? Would communism have been as wide-spread