The Fall of the Roman Empire

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Presentation transcript:

The Fall of the Roman Empire

The Roman Empire at its Height The Empire reached its height under Emperor Diocletian (284-305 CE)

The Decline Begins 180 CE Marcus Aurelius died His son, Commodus, took control of Rome Commodus was a poor leader, killed by his bodyguard Time of disarray follows Commodus from the movie Gladiator

Social Problems Taxes were high, many rich stopped paying Large number of people enslaved Plague spread throughout Rome, killing 1 in 10 Famine: There was not enough food to feed people

Economic Problems Farmers lost land, unable to grow and sell crops, out of work (and famine) People bought fewer goods, shops closed Inflation occurred: Rapidly rising prices. Money lost value because fewer taxes paid. Coins lost value: Less gold put in, people found out (caused inflation) Bartering grew: sell goods without using money No taxes, no money for government

Military Problems Military only in it for money (mercenaries) No money to pay military = weak military Constant threat of invaders on empire’s borders Weak military, unable to stop border invasions

Diocletian 284 CE, Diocletian became emperor Tried reforms (political changes) Set price limits (if a person went beyond limits, put to death) and ordered workers to stay in jobs to death

Dividing the Empire Diocletian felt that the only way to save the empire was to divide it in half Created two empires: Western and Eastern Western Empire: Europe, North Africa and city of Rome Eastern Empire: Turkey, Asia and city of Byzantium Two emperors, emperor in charge of Rome was senior

Constantine Diocletian retired and Constantine took his place as emperor Constantine (312 CE) united the empire again under one ruler First Christian emperor Edict of Milan (313 EC) Attempted reforms Main reform: sons had to follow fathers’ trade

Constantinople Rome continued to decline Constantine moved the capital from Rome to city of Byzantium City name changed to Constantinople (today is Istanbul)

Current Day

Theodosius Constantine died in 337 CE, replaced by Theodosius Theodosius could not rule the empire, divided in two again Western Roman Empire with capital in Rome Eastern Rome Empire with capital in Constantinople

Rome invaded Western Empire unable to hold off Germanic tribes on its borders Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons German tribes wanted warmer area, Roman riches, and to flee the Huns

Visigoths Rome agreed to allow the Visigoths to live inside of Roman boundaries Romans treated Visigoths badly Visigoths rebelled and defeated the Romans Visigoth leader, Alaric, captured Rome in 410 CE

Vandals Vandals followed Visigoths and spent 12 days stripping Rome of valuables (vandalism) Many more German invaders followed Finally, a German general named Odoacer defeated the western emperor Romulus Augustulus (14 years old, little Augustus)

The Fall Augustulus was defeated in 476 CE by Odoacer For this reason, this date is given as the fall of the Western Roman Empire Western Empire was divided into many kingdoms that adopted many of the customs of Rome

Odoacer

Eastern Roman Empire Although the Western Empire fell in 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to prosper for 1,000 more years Became known as the Byzantine Empire

Internal Decay of the Han State Factions in ruling elites Marriage alliances reduced effectiveness of central government Problem of land distribution Large landholders develop private armies Peasant rebellions 184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion Epidemics (mandate of heaven?)

Collapse of the Han Dynasty China after the Han Dynasty, 220 CE Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners Generals abolished Han in 200 CE, replaced by 3 kingdoms Immigration of northern nomads increases

Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples Non-Han Nomadic Peoples Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples Sinicization – Nomadic people move in and adopt Han way of life Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way of life With the disintegration of political order, Confucian tradition lost credibility Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Regional kingdoms and war lords take over China.