III Digital Audio III.1 (W Oct 03) Audio Encoding.

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III Digital Audio III.1 (W Oct 03) Audio Encoding

analog digital General Scheme of Audio Encoding content neutral niveau aesthesis communication semiotics poiesis expression physical reality signification analog digital

analog digital encoding mixer analog mixer analog mixer digital voltage analog voltage analog loudspeakers mics

microphone types moving coil dynamic ribbon = thin corrugated metal condenser = dynamic capacitor Lorentz force on electrical charges

microphone polar patterns omnidirectional bidirectional cardioid hypercardioid

loudspeaker anatomy tweeter (high) midrange (sub)woofer (low) Cone Cone vibrates Outer supension (surround) Inner supension (spider) Dust cap Coil Permanent magnet Cone Electrical signals loudspeaker anatomy tweeter (high) midrange (sub)woofer (low)

optical: CD = Compact Disk analog mechanical: LP magnetic: Analog Tape encoding of sound optical: CD = Compact Disk magnetic: DAT = Digital Audio Tape HD = Hard Drive digital 0100001010100100010001010 electric: (semiconductor-based) volatile, e.g. RAM (Random Access Memory) semi-volatile, e.g. Memory Sticks non-volatile, e.g. ROM (Read Only Memory)

mechanical: LP analog Alan Blumlein 1930 1877 Thomas Alva Edison’s phonograph vertical print on tin foil mechanical: LP 1888 Emil Berliner’s horizontal printing 1931 RCA vinyl (PVC) 331/3 RPM, 30 cm ∅ Alan Blumlein 1930 analog 1935 AEG, BASF/3M (!!) 9.5 cm/sec, amplitude ~ magnetization ← The Tascam 85 16B analog tape recorder 16 tracks of audio on 1 inch (2.54 cm) tape. VHS analog video by JVC 1976 magnetic: Analog Tape

Commercial since 1982 by Philips & Sony optical: CD = Compact Disk Commercial since 1982 by Philips & Sony Herbert von Karajan recorded Richard Strauss’s Alpensinfonie 120 mm diameter, 80 min audio ~ 700 MB By 2007 200 ×109 CDs sold! digital 0100001010100100010001010 Polycarbonate track width ~1μm land pit laser reading 0001110110100111001010000111110000111.....

? 1. amplitude quantization 2. time quantization 1Bit 0 or 1 4 Bit 0000, 0001, ... 1111 = 16 values 0,1,2,3....15 2. time quantization binary representation of numbers: 1011 means (sign!!) 1  23 + 0  22 + 1  21 + 1  20 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11 CD has 16 Bit amplitude quantization: 16 entries: 101.....1 = 1  215 + 0  214 + 1  213 + ...1  20 0,1,..., 65‘535 = 216 values CD of one hour and stereo has total of 2 channels  60 minutes  60 seconds  44‘100 samples  16 amplitude Bits = 635 MByte (1 Byte = 8 Bits) CD has 44‘100 samples per second ?

HD = Hard Drive, non-volatile Invented 1956 by IBM digital electric: (semiconductor-based) volatile, e.g. RAM (Random Access Memory) semi-volatile, e.g. Memory Sticks non-volatile, e.g. ROM (Read Only Memory) magnetic: DAT = Digital Audio Tape1983 99 kHz sample rate & 24 Bit resolution magnetic: HD = Hard Drive, non-volatile Invented 1956 by IBM digital 0100001010100100010001010 5000 RPM “Ring” writing element longitudinal recording (standard) air cushion 10 nm hair = 50 μm