Today 1/27 in journal: 2. 1. 3. 4. TURN IN IPHONE LAB!!! To review for quiz 1. Name each monomer and 2. Name the macromolecule that it would build 1. 2. 3. 4.

DO NOW 10.3 Draw the following graph and answer the question below in the back of your composition notebook: Describe the graph above knowing what you learned during the toothpick-ase activity we did on Thursday. Use words such as optimum, temperature, enzyme, substrate, product, active site

Do now 9/28 Prepare for your next First 15 on page 22 (should be your second one on that page)

ENZYMES

Roles for each round (a-d) Reader Enzyme Timer Counter Group Members 1 Kenan, Zacara, Jordan H, Joelee 2 Halima, Hallie, Loren, Marques 3 Halle-Christina, Kyaire, Justin, Simone 4 Jorden D, Jacob, Nia M, Nia V 5 Adia, Kris, Shaniya, Makenzie, Sineveah 6 Jah’Kai, Markayla, Maria, Dezmond

Roles for each round (a-d) Reader Enzyme Timer Supplies Manager Counter Group Members 1 Jai, Torran, Brianna, Cason, Jayden, Kenyani 2 Sade, Kai, Joshua, Madison J, Rodney 3 Tia, Robert, Lawrence, Jayda, Amayah 4 Princess, Umme, Tahlor, James, Saniya 5 Nurfateha, Kamau, Jahselah, Chelsy, Madyson W 6 Nia, Dana, De Andre, Hezekiah, Simone

HOW MUCH WOOD COULD A WOOD CHUCK CHUCK IF A WOOD CHUCK COULD CHUCK WOOD?!

Eat: Cellulose Need: Enzyme cellulase (to break down into glucose)

What is lactose intolerance? Eat: Lactose Need: Enzyme lactase (to break down into glucose (and galactose))

Intro Video… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

What is an enzyme? Also called a catalyst Protein that speeds up the rate of a reaction. Not changed during the reaction.

Why are enzymes important? Green line is reaction without enzyme Red line is reaction WITH enzyme. Decreases the amount of energy needed (activation energy) for a reaction to occur. As a result, the reaction happens faster. Simulation: http://web.biosci.utexas.edu/psaxena/MicrobiologyAnimations/Animations/Enzyme-Substrate/micro_enzyme-substrate.swf

What would happen if we did not have enzymes or they did not work properly? You would DIE! No enzymes = reactions happening too slowly so body can’t get what it needs to survive.

How Does an Enzyme Work? Because only certain substrates will fit in certain enzymes they are often compared to a LOCK & KEY MODEL

How does an Enzyme Work? Each enzyme has a specific shape which causes it to bind with specific reactants Parts of an Enzyme-Substrate Complex: Substrates- reactants that fit with enzyme Active site- site on enzyme that substrates bind to Products- created from combining of substrates. This is what leaves the enzyme

Two reactants bind together to make one product How Does an Enzyme Work? Enzymes work one of two ways Bind two reactants to make one product (see picture on right) Break bonds in large molecule to make many smaller ones (see picture below) Two reactants bind together to make one product One reactant is broken apart to make two products. Orange structure is enzyme, green & blue parts in first part of picture are substrates.

How do you stop an enzyme? __________ _____! • Alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress • Example, by applying heat or changing pH. • Denatured protein can’t carry out its cellular function . Irreversible egg protein denaturation caused by high temperature (while cooking it). Denature it! From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity Temperature pH Cofactors & Coenzymes Inhibitors From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki

Temperature & pH Think about what kind of cell or organism an enzyme may work in… Temperatures far above the normal range denature enzymes. (This is why very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the body’s proteins.) Most enzymes work best near neutral pH (6 to 8). denature neutral From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki

Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity Temperature pH Cofactors & Coenzymes Inhibitors From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki

Cofactors & Coenzymes Non-protein substances (zinc, iron, copper, vitamins) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. • For example: vitamins Cofactor Coenzyme Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki. Ribbon-diagram showing carbonic anhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor in the active site. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity Temperature pH Cofactors & Coenzymes Inhibitors From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki

Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors Competitive inhibitor Chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Reversible depending on concentration of inhibitor and substrate. Competitive inhibitor EXAMPLE: The drug Antabuse is used to help alcoholics quit drinking. Antabuse inhibits aldehyde oxidase, resulting in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say a-si-’tell-de-hide) during the metabolism of alcohol. Elevated acetaldehyde levels cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Competitive inhibition of enzyme, Jerry Crimson Mann

Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors 2. Non-competitive Inhibitor Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape. Usually reversible, depending on concentration of inhibitor & substrate. Non-competitive inhibitor EXAMPLE: You may know that compounds containing heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper or silver are poisonous. This is because ions of these metals are non-competitive inhibitors for several enzymes. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Pouring liquid mercury, Bionerd

For example… Enzyme Inhibitors Blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance. Many medications are enzyme inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitors are also used as herbicides and pesticides. EXAMPLE: Another example of competitive inhibition is protease inhibitors. They are a class of anti-retroviral drugs used to treat HIV. The structure of the drug ritonavir (say ri-TAHN-a-veer) resembles the substrate of HIV protease, an enzyme required for HIV to be made. medications herbicides, pesticides From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Prescription bottle, T. Port; Dead cockroach, Wiki

Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase Catecholase is present in most ______ and __________. It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised fruits and vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction: (______________) _________ + _____ ----------------- _____________ colorless substrate brown product fruits, vegetables browning Catechol + oxygen (catecholase) > polyphenol From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Bananas T. Port

Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase _________ juice and other acids are used to preserve color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____ and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the enzyme to function. Reaction: catecholase catechol + O2 ---------- polyphenol colorless substrate brown product Lemon pH Images: Apples, T. Port; Lemons, André Karwath; Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki; pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain Pineapple contains enzyme bromelain, which can _______ _________. Jell-O® is made of gelatin, a processed version of a structural protein called _________ found in many animals, including humans. Collagen = big, fibrous molecule makes skin, bones, and tendons both strong and elastic. Gelatin you eat in Jell-O ® comes from the collagen in cow or pig bones, hooves, and connective tissues. (Yummie!) Examine 2 containers: a. In one, canned pineapple was used to make Jell-O® . b. The other, fresh pineapple was used. Q: Why is one Jell-O solid and the other liquid? digest protein collagen From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Pineapple, Whaldener Endo

Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain Bromelain is a ______ enzyme that facilitates hydrolysis of protein. Remember, hydrolysis cuts molecule by adding water…the reverse of the hydration synthesis pictured to the left. (bromelain) collagen protein + H20 -------------- amino acids substrate products protease FYI: Bromelain is used as a meat tenderizer. Breaks down the collagen in meat. So what do you think could happen to your tongue when you eat fresh pineapple? From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Here are some links to fun resources that further explain enzymes: Confused? Here are some links to fun resources that further explain enzymes: Enzymes Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online. “How Enzymes Work” an animation from McGraw-Hill. Interactive Enzyme Tutorial and quiz from Life: The Science of Biology. “The Role Enzymes Play in the Body” from Enzymedica. These guys are selling supplements. I don’t endorse the supplement, but their video is very instructive regarding enzymes and digestion. “Assignment Discovery: Enzyme Catalysts” from HowStuffWorks, a Discovery Company. “Enzymes and Digestion” from About.com. “Bio Rad GTCA Song” musical advertisement for SsoFast™. And why not sing “Goodtimes with Enzymes” to the Chic song “Goodtimes.” See next slide for lyrics. (You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.) Smart Links From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology Classroom: Enzymes Lecture for a printable Word .doc of this assignment. Assignment At the end of most lectures, I will give you some type of in-class assignment or homework to evaluate your understanding of today’s topic. This assignment will always be open-book. Today you may be completing an experiment on the topic of Enzymes. Image: Accumulation of polyphenol in apple, T. Port From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

And of course… a song.... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp_yyDEEC3k

EXIT TICKET! Using what you learned explain this graph: (i.e. activation energy, what is it showing, what is it comparing, what are the two lines, what are A and B, etc.)

Can you answer these questions about the picture below Can you answer these questions about the picture below? (Check answers on next page.) What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? What is another name for enzyme? What is the enzyme term for #2? What is the enzyme term for the site on the enzyme where the sucrose attaches? What is added at #3? What is the enzyme term for the glucose & fructose created at #4? Has the enzyme changed in this reaction? What types of factors could denature the enzyme? What will happen if the enzyme is denatured?

Can you answer these questions about the picture below? ANSWERS What type of macromolecule is an enzyme? Protein What is another name for enzyme? Catalyst What is the enzyme term for #2? Reactant What is the enzyme term for the site on the enzyme where the sucrose attaches? Active Site What is added at #3? Water (H2O) What is the enzyme term for the glucose & fructose created at #4? Products Has the enzyme changed in this reaction? No- has same shape so can be reused What types of factors could denature the enzyme? pH, temperature, salt What will happen if the enzyme is denatured? Active site is changed so reactants can no longer fit into enzyme so reaction can’t happen. This means you can no longer break down sucrose to get the glucose & fructose so cells can’t absorb these glucose & fructose molecules to use them. Cell may “starve” for these molecules.

Can you answer these questions about the graph below Can you answer these questions about the graph below? (Check answers on next page.) This graphs shows how an enzyme functions at different pH levels. This enzyme works best at which pH? Would you find this enzyme in your stomach or blood? How do you know? This graphs shows how an enzyme functions at different temperatures. This enzyme works best at which temperature? What would happen to the reaction (enzyme activity) if the temperature were to reach 70⁰C?

Can you answer these questions about the graph below? ANSWERS This graphs shows how an enzyme functions at different pH levels. This enzyme works best at which pH? pH 7 Would you find this enzyme in your stomach or blood? Blood How do you know? Stomach has acidic environment so would need an enzyme that works best at an acidic pH level. This graphs shows how an enzyme functions at different temperatures. This enzyme works best at which temperature? 40⁰C What would happen to the reaction (enzyme activity) if the temperature were to reach 70⁰C? Enzyme would be denatured after about 45⁰C so reaction would stop, which means cells can’t get what they need.

Extra Resources: Tutorials: http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phbio/active_art/enzyme_action/ http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=324&cat=Biology Simulation: http://web.biosci.utexas.edu/psaxena/MicrobiologyAnimations/Animations/Enzyme-Substrate/micro_enzyme-substrate.swf Animations:http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/anim_2.htm http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html