Plan of the talk Unofficial common ground accounts (Stokke, 2013; Eckardt, 2014) Metafictive statements Workspace account Bald-faced lies

Unofficial common ground Harry Potter Official C Unofficial C LOTR Sherlock Holmes C = <C0, C1, … , Cn> Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Unofficial common ground Harry Potter Official C Unofficial C LOTR Sherlock Holmes Assertions (lies): C +A p = <C0*p, C1, … ,Cn> ? C0∪{p} Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Unofficial common ground Pride and Prejudice Unofficial common ground Harry Potter Official C Unofficial C LOTR Sherlock Holmes Fiction: C +F,i p = { <C0, C1, … , Ci-1, Ci*p, Ci+1, … , Cn>, if 1 ≤ i ≤ n, <C0, C1, … , Cn, CBASE*p>, otherwise ? Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Unofficial common ground Pride and Prejudice Unofficial common ground Harry Potter Official C Unofficial C LOTR Sherlock Holmes Eckardt: non-temporal unofficial common grounds Stokke: temporal unofficial common grounds Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Metafictive statements A: Frodo was adopted by his uncle B: Actually, Bilbo is Frodo’s cousin Conflicting intuitions: 1. The acceptance of fictional truths is temporary 2. We retain information about fictional content after engaging with narrative “[A]n unofficial common ground need not be temporary in the sense of lasting a short time. There are arguably [unofficial] common grounds [that] continue to be operative for a very long time” (Stokke, 2013:55) Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Metafictive statements Fictional statements Frodo had a very trying time that afternoon (The Lord of the Rings) “Metafictive statements” (Currie, 1990) Frodo was adopted by his cousin = In The Lord of the Rings, Frodo was adopted by his cousin Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

W C Workspace account <C, W> + p = <C, W*p> Workspace Official C <C, W> + p = <C, W*p> Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Workspace account Assertive closure: <C, W>  <W, W> C W Official C Assertive closure: <C, W>  <W, W> Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Workspace account Workspace W C □­­i Official C Official C Fictivei closure: <C, W>  <C∪{□­­i⋂W}, C∪{□­­i⋂W}> Lewisian In fiction i-operator: □­­i Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Workspace account C W C W □­­i Assertions, lies Fictional statements Official C Fictional statements Workspace W C □­­i Official Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

C Workspace account □­­i □­j □­h □­­k W W W W Official Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Bald-faced lies Lie is an assertion  proposal to update the official common ground Intention to deceive? “Bald-faced lies” (Sorensen, 2007): statements that are labelled ‘lies’ but involve no intention to deceive Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Bald-faced lies Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Bald-faced lies Pentangeli: I never knew no Godfather Proposal to update the official common ground?  Acceptance based official common ground Common acceptance: Pentangeli knows no Godfather Instead: Common belief: According to the account given by Pentangeli in court, he knows no Godfather Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Bald-faced lies C W □­­i Fictivei closure: Workspace W C □­­i Official Fictivei closure: <C, W>  <C∪{□­­i⋂W}, C∪{□­­i⋂W}> Bald-faced lie is not a lie (cf. Kreiser, 2016; Meibauer, 2014) but resembles a fictional statement Unofficial common ground – Metafictive statements – Workspace account – Bald-faced lies

Conclusions Further research Nature of * Nature of CBASE Continuing reading Unofficial common ground accounts do not adequately model metafictive discourse Workspace account: - uniform workspace update - assertive and fictive closure Bald-faced lies are more like fictional statements than like lies