Romanesque architecture Angoulême Cathedral ,France

Earliest one Build In 1120 The Sainte-Foy abbey-church

Largest one Speyer Cathedral , German

Content Development history &conclusion Characteristics Tournai Cathedral, 12th century

History: Conclusion Origins Politics Religion ------Monasticism Bamberg Cathedral

the Abbey of St. Gall Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. Romanesque architecture was a continuation of the Roman. But the ancient Roman building were largely lost in most parts of Europe. So did Roman. In 9th century, the features of the plan for the building of the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland can both be seen at Proto-Romanesque St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, 1001–1030. In 10th century, Romanesque architecture influenced in the north of Italy, parts of France and in the Iberian Peninsula.This style called “First Romanesque” or “Lombard Romanesque”.

St. Michael's Church

In the year AD800, Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope in St Peter's Basilica on Christmas Day, with an aim to re-establishing the old Western Roman Empire. Charlemagne’s political successors continued to rule much of Europe, with the separate political states were to become welded into nations, the Kingdom of Germany giving rise to the Holy Roman Empire. St. Peter's Basilica

In 1095-1270, the Crusades brought about a very large movement of people and infected in ideas , trade skills and particularly in the buildings. The continual movement of people, rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots, craftsmen and peasants, was an important factor in creating a homogeneity in building methods and a recognizable Romanesque style, despite regional differences.

The late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in the number of churches in Europe. As monasticism spread across Europe, Romanesque churches sprang up in Scotland, Scandinavia, Hungary, Serbia, Tunisia and so on. Several important Romanesque churches were built in the Crusader kingdoms. St. Andrew's Church

The system of monasticism was established by the monk Benedict in the 6th century. In association with the Crusades, the military orders of the Knights Hospitallers and the Knights Templars were founded. The monasteries sometimes also functioned as cathedrals,so Benedict had ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries. The Romanesque Abbey of

Saint Benedict

Many enormous and powerful monastery at Cluny was to have lasting effect on the layout of other monasteries and the design of their churches. The church of St. Sernin at Toulouse, 1080–1120, has remained intact and demonstrates the regularity of Romanesque design with its modular form, its massive appearance and the repetition of the simple arched window motif. The Abbey of Cluny today

St. Sernin‘s

Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which evolved into the Gothic style beginning in the 12th century. Romanesque architecture was the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture.

Combining features of contemporary Western Roman and Byzantine buildings, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. The Cathedral of Saint-Front

Each building has clearly defined forms and they are frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan so that the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials.

Characteristics massive solidity and strength The First Romanesque employed rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs A greater refinement marks the Second Romanesque, along with increased use of the vault and dressed stone.

Walls Piers Columns Vaults

walls massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings double shells, filled with rubble

The building material brick Limestone, granite and flint -- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of the Netherland Limestone, granite and flint -- other areas the building stone --small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar

San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance. Sant’Ambrogio, Milan is constructed of bricks

Piers support arches ; at the intersection of two large arches ; cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangular in section horizontal moulding vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the level of base highly complex form --half-segments of large hollow-core column --a clustered group of smaller shafts

Columns Salvaged columns Drum columns Hollow core columns Capitals Alternation

In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches. The most durable of these columns are of marble and have the stone horizontally bedded. The majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colours. They may have retained their original Roman capitals, generally of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser extent in France.

Drum columns In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called drums.

Santiago de Compostela has large columns constructed of drums, with attached shafts.

Hollow core columns they were constructed of ashlar masonry the hollow core was filled with rubble These huge untapered columns are sometimes ornamented with incised decorations.

Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns and the earlist pointed high ribs.

Capitals round at the bottom it sits on a circular column and square at the top it supports the wall or arch cutting a rectangular cube taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that the block was square at the top octagonal at the bottom manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenes and depictions of beasts and monsters, others are lively scenes of the legends of local saints.

Paired columns like those at Duratón, near Sepúlveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern France. The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings. Festive Corinthian capitals on the richly-appointed General Post Office, New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)

Alternation the alternation of piers and columns. The most simple form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three St. Michael's, Hildesheim has alternating piers and columns.

Vaults Barrel vault Groin vault Ribbed vault Pointed arched vault

Barrel vault a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, the barrel vault generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.

The Cloisters, New York City Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault. The Cloisters, New York City

for the less visible and smaller vaults square in plan and is constructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles Groin vaults are frequently separated by transverse arched ribs of low profile Bayeux Cathedral, the crypt has groin vaults and simplified Corinthian capitals.

In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs. In a ribbed vault, the ribs are the structural members, and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter, non-structural material. Rib vault

Because Romanesque arches are nearly always semi-circular, the structural and design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that the diagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transverse span

One was to have the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces sloping upwards towards it, in a domical manner. San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, Italy. View of the interior.

Another solution was to stilt the transverse ribs, or depress the diagonal ribs so that the centreline of the vault was horizontal, Cathedral of Reims, France At Saint-Etienne, Caen, both the nave and the tower are covered by ribbed vaults. c.1080.

Pointed arched vault Late in the Romanesque period another solution came into use for regulating the height of diagonal and transverse ribs use arches of the same diameter for both horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the transverse ribs to meet at a point

Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces. Interior of Durham Cathedral