The War at Home 11.3 Notes
Wilson’s New Powers Shift in production to war-time needs Too difficult for private industry to handle Government and businesses collaborated Congress gave Wilson power Direct control over economy Power to fix prices Regulate/nationalize war-related industries
War Industries Board Regulatory agency Bernard M. Baruch – leader/businessman Encourage companies to: Use mass-production techniques = efficiency Eliminate waste – standardized production Industrial production increased 20%
Railroad Administration Fuel Administration Controlled railroads Fuel Administration Monitored coal supplies Rationed gasoline, heating oil “gasless Sundays,” “lightless nights” Daylight Savings Food Administration Herbert Hoover “gospel of the clean plate” “meatless,” “sweetless,” “wheatless,” “porkless” Victory gardens at home Raised prices on food staples (wheat, sugar, bread) Increased farmland – incomes upped 30% Tripled food shipments to Allies
War Economy Hourly wages increase Stock holders profited Offset by rising prices of food, housing costs Stock holders profited National War Labor Board “work or fight” Mediated disputes between management and laborers Worked to improve safety, conditions, hours Child labor ban
War Finances 35.5 billion spent on war 1/3 from taxes Progressive income tax 2/3 from public borrowing “liberty loan” and “victory loan” bonds “a friend of Germany” would refuse to buy a war bond
Committee on Public Information Propaganda agency – George Creel Biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions Promoted patriotism Paintings, posters, cartoons, sculptures, pamphlets “Why We Are Fighting” and “The Meaning of America” speakers
Civil Liberties are Attacked Civil liberties – freedoms as citizens Affected by war hysteria German immigrants targeted Lost jobs No Mozart, Bach, Beethoven German books removed German measles = “liberty measles” Hamburger = “liberty sandwich” Dachsunds = “liberty pups”
Espionage and Sedition Acts Passed in June 1917 Could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 yrs in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything against the government or war effort Clearly violated 1st Amendment Union leaders targeted – Eugene Debs 10 year sentence