Part 2 Fundamental Concepts and Skills Chapter 3 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Concepts and Skills ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

One-to-One Correspondence One-to-one correspondence is the most fundamental component of the concept of number understanding that one group has the same number of things as another group ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Examples of One-to-One Correspondence Activities Naturalistic Activitiess Infant discovers he can hold one thing in each hand Toddler places one wooden peg in each hole Preschool child places a car in each garage he has built Informal Activities Ask children to pass out items to class-mates: scissors, crayons, paper, napkins, or snacks Check to see if everyone has their coat on, two mittens on, a cup of milk, or a chair Adult Guided Activitiest Matching activities such as spoons to bowls, animals to cages, or groups of items ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Five Characteristics to Vary One-to-One Correspondence Activities Perceptual characteristics Number of items to be matched Concreteness Physically joined or not physically joined Groups of the same or not the same number ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluation of One-to-One Correspondence Activities Notice each child’s response during adult guided activities Notice during free play if the child passes out materials to other children one at a time Notice whether children can put items away by matching each item with a drawing of the item ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Number Sense: Understanding Number Number sense is the concept of understanding “oneness”, “twoness”, etc. making the connection between quantities and counting understanding more and less understanding important benchmarks such as 5 and 10 as they relate to other quantities helping children estimate quantities and measurements ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Counting Counting is a skill - Counting includes two operations: assists children in the process of understanding quantity provides understanding that the last number named is the quantity in the group and supports number sense - Counting includes two operations: rote counting rational counting ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Two Counting Operations Rote counting reciting the names of numerals in order from memory Rational counting matching each numeral name in order to an object in a group ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Examples of Number Sense and Counting Activities Naturalistic Activitiess Practicing rote counting Use of number in child’s activities: “I have two trucks.” Informal Activities How many ears do you have? Put six napkins on each table How many cups do you need to give everyone at your table one? Adult Guided Activitiest Use of rhymes, fingerplays, and songs Clapping and counting as a group Experience with groups of items 0-4 Group games that require counting Sorting small objects ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluation Note answers given by children during adult guided sessions Observe children to see if they apply what they know Formal evaluation can be done individually Collect photos, anecdotes, and checklists for portfolios ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Logic and Classifying Concepts that are fundamental and apply across the curriculum and include logical sorting and matching of groups. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Classification The activity of sorting and grouping things such as people, animals and objects. Necessary to join and separate groups and count the members before learning formal addition and subtraction. ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Logical Criteria for Groups Color Shape Size Material Pattern Texture Function Association Class name Common features Number ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Examples of Classification Activities Naturalistic Activities Infant learns which objects are good for teething Toddler puts things into containers Preschool child sorts and groups items for play Informal Activities Show that you value sorting and grouping activities by acknowledging them Separate the spoons from the knives Which objects will roll down your ramp? Adult Guided Activities Sorting leaves found on a nature walk Give each car a garage Find the buttons that are not blue Which objects will sink and which will float? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluation Does each child sort and group during play? Does each child use feature names during play? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Discoveries Made through Comparison The relationship between two things or groups of things on the basis of a specific attribute informal measurement size length height weight speed quantity measurement are two groups the same or does one group have more things? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Comparison Terms Informal measurement Number large—small big—little long—short tall—short fat—skinny heavy—light fast—slow cold—hot thick—thin wide—narrow near—far later—sooner (earlier) older—younger (newer) higher—lower loud—soft (sound) Number more—less/fewer ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Examples of Comparison Activities Naturalistic Activities Infants learn some things are small or large when they handle them Toddlers find that some places are narrow or wide as they move about Preschool child compares groups and sizes of blocks Informal Activities Comment on the child’s play materials using basic informal terms When the difference between two groups is large, the child can tell that one is larger than the other by looking When the difference is small, the child will need to use one-to-one correspondence or counting Adult Guided Activities Commercial materials Computer software Books and games Informal measurement comparing two objects or two groups ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluation Does the child compare during play? Does the child understand and use basic comparison words? Ask questions without disrupting play Are there more cows or chickens in your barn? Who is older, your brother or you? Who is taller, your father or your brother? ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.