Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS, STARCHES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS THEIR MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION IS TO SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (H) CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H & O C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES

3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS eg. GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE DISACCHARIDES- 2 SIMPLE SUGARS eg, LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSE POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE SUGARS eg. STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN SUGARS END IN - OSE

MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE ISOMERS. ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6 ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.

MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use this for energy, which is metabolized during cellular respiration. Our major source is from fruits/plants. Plants produce during photosynthesis. Glucose is “burned” for energy that the cell can use…. Called Adenosine Triphosphate…. ATP. NORMAL LEVEL IS 80-120 mg/100ml.

BELOW THIS LEVEL CAN RESULT IN HYPOGLYCEMIA & ABOVE THIS LEVEL CAN RESULT IN DIABETES MELLITUS. DIABETES MELLITUS MEANS “SWEET URINE” (Skip to slide 62 - Fructose)

THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE SUGARS FRUCTOSE FRUIT SUGAR THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE SUGARS

GALACTOSE NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE, ONLY IN MILK WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE

MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR BREWING INDUSTRY DISACCHARIDES – when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction H+ and OH- are removed and form water LACTOSE: MILK SUGAR GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE SUCROSE: TABLE SUGAR GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR BREWING INDUSTRY GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES – three or more monosaccharides STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN PLANTS GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR STRENGTH ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF GLUCOSE