THE LATIN VERB The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information: - I-form of Present tense - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present and also the Imperfect and Future are formed) - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed) - Perfect Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)

EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES amō -āre -āvī -ātum love moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn videō -ēre vīdī vīsum see vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear, listen capiō -ere cēpī captum capture Notice that to save space, some dictionaries do not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.

PRESENT TENSE The endings in nearly all verbs are: ō/m (I) s (you –singular) t (he/she/it) mus (we) tis (you –plural) nt (they) The endings are normally linked to the verb by the signature vowel for each conjugation

These endings survive in modern Italian, but with changes The Italian endings are: o i a or e iamo ate or ete or ite ono

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus amātis

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre moneō monēs monet monēmus monētis monent

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus regitis

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ere regō regis regit regimus regitis regunt

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis

Present Tense - verbs with infinitive in -īre audiō audīs audit audīmus audītis audiunt

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus capitis

Present Tense - verbs with I-form in –iō and infinitive in -ere capiō capis capit capimus capitis capiunt

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus estis

PRESENT TENSE OF esse (to be) sum es est sumus estis sunt

Imperfect Tense Verbs in – āre: ābam - ābās –ābat –ābāmus - ābātis -ābant Verbs in – ēre and most verbs in – ere: -ēbam - ēbās –ēbat –ēbāmus - ēbātis - ēbant Verbs with –iō ending for I-form in Present (including all with infinitive in –īre and a few with infinitive in –ere) -iēbam - iēbās –iēbat –iēbāmus - iēbātis - iēbant The verb esse has the forms eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbam

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis

Imperfect Tense - verbs with infinitive in - ēre monēbam monēbās monēbat monēbāmus monēbātis monēbant

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regēbam regēbās regēbat regēbāmus regēbātis regēbant

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis

Imperfect Tense - verbs in –iō capiēbam capiēbās capiēbat capiēbāmus capiēbātis capiēbant

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus erātis

Imperfect Tense – the verb esse eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant

Future Tense Verbs in – āre and – ēre use signature vowel plus `b’: ā/ēbō - ā/ēbis –ā/ēbit –ā/ēbimus - ā/ēbitis -ā/ēbunt Verbs in –ere and -īre add different endings. If they have the ending `-io’ in the present tense (as in the 4th and `3.5th’ group) there is an `i’ before each future ending) -(i)am - (i)ēs –(i)et –(i)ēmus - (i)ētis - (i)ent The verb esse has the forms erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -āre amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis

Future Tense - verbs with infinitive in -ēre monēbō monēbis monēbit monēbimus monēbitis monēbunt

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus regētis

Future Tense - verbs in –ō and -ere regam regēs reget regēmus regētis regent

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis

Future Tense - verbs in –iō capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient

Future Tense – the verb esse

Future Tense – the verb esse eris

Future Tense – the verb esse eris erit

Future Tense – the verb esse eris erit erimus

Future Tense – the verb esse eris erit erimus eritis

Future Tense – the verb esse eris erit erimus eritis erunt

PERFECT TENSE Formed by the perfect base (seen in the second part of the verb in a dictionary) and the endings: -ī -imus -istī -istis -it -ērunt

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī amāvistī

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī amāvistī amāvit

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis

PERFECT OF amō -āre -āvī -ātum love amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis amāvērunt

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī monuistī

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī monuistī monuit

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis

PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuī monuistī monuit monuimus monuistis monuērunt

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcistī

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcistī vīcit

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcistī vīcit vīcimus

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis

PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcistī vīcit vīcimus vīcistis vīcērunt

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis

PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīvī audīvistī audīvit audīvimus audīvistis audīvērunt

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuistī

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuistī fuit

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuistī fuit fuimus

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis

PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuistī fuit fuimus fuistis fuērunt

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis

PLUPERFECT Formed by adding the Imperfect of esse to the Perfect Base amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāveram amāverās amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis amāverant

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monueram

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -ītum warn monueram monuerās

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monueram monuerās monuerat

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis

PLUPERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monueram monuerās monuerat monuerāmus monuerātis monuerant

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram vīcerās

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis

PLUPERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīceram vīcerās vīcerat vīcerāmus vīcerātis vīcerant

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis

PLUPERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīveram audīverās audīverat audīverāmus audīverātis audīverant

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis

PLUPERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fueram fuerās fuerat fuerāmus fuerātis fuerant

amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō

amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris

amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit

amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus

FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis

FUTURE PERFECT Formed by adding the Future of esse to the Perfect Base – erunt changes to erint amō -āre -āvi -ātum love amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis amāverint

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō monueris

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō monueris monuerit

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis

FUTURE PERFECT OF moneō -ēre -uī -itum warn monuerō monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō vīceris

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint

FUTURE PERFECT OF vincō -ere vīcī victum conquer vīcerō vīceris vīcerit vīcerimus vīceritis vīcerint

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis

FUTURE PERFECT OF audiō -īre -īvī -ītum hear audīverō audīveris audīverit audīverimus audīveritis audīverint

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fufuerit fuerimus fueritis eris

FUTURE PERFECT OF sum esse fuī be fuerō fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint

IMPERATIVE The imperative of the verb is used for giving instructions. The singular is formed by removing the final -re from the infinitive: amāre > amā tenēre > tenē regere > rege audīre > audī The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular but in the 3rd conjugation the -e at the end of the singular changes to -i before the plural ending: amā > amāte tenē > tenēte rege > regite audī > audīte Three common verbs in the 3rd. conjugation drop the final –e in the singular but have the normal plural ending: dūcere > dūc > dūcite dīcere > dīc > dīcite facere > fac > facite

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre INFINITIVE SINGULAR IMPERATIVE PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā INFINITIVE SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite capite

IMPERATIVES - REGULAR amāre tenēre regere capere audīre amā tenē rege INFINITIVE amāre tenēre regere capere audīre SINGULAR IMPERATIVE amā tenē rege cape audī PLURAL amāte tenēte regite capite audīte

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular Plural

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc Plural

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc Plural

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite dūcite

IMPERATIVES - IRREGULAR Infinitive dīcere dūcere facere Singular dīc dūc fac Plural dīcite dūcite facite