Brazil Roadmap for EV utilization ABVE Brazilian Electric Vehicles Association Challenge Bibendum 2010 Pietro Erber

Brazil General Features 2009 Population: 191 million GDP: US$ 1.6 trillion Primary Energy Supply: 244 Mtoe Electricity supply: 510 TWh Ethanol production: 11 Mtoe Car & light vehicles sales: 3 million Motorcycles sales: 1.6 million

Electric Vehicles Fundamental Priorities Environmental improvement Urban mobility preservation Reduction of fossil fuels dependence

VE Roadmap Main Items Motivation Initiatives: Challenge Bibendum, SPE/MF, INAE, INEE/ABVE, Concepts, advantages & limitations Interaction with the power grid Market penetration Local production

VE Roadmap Motivation Urban environment improvement GHG emissions reduction Reduction of diesel consumption New market for ethanol Technological & industrial development

VE Roadmap Concepts HEV – Hybrid Electric Vehicle: onboard generation only BEV – Battery Electric Vehicle: energy supply only from the power grid PHEV – Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle: onboard generation & power grid supply

VE Roadmap Advantages Electricity: provided from any source Efficiency: electric motor, regenerative breaking, improved combustion Zero or low W2W emissions Heavy hybrids may use ethanol

VE Roadmap Limitations High upfront cost: scale, batteries Heavy taxes Lack of recharge infrastructure Inadequate information Resistance to innovation Off peak charging Obsolescence risk

VE Roadmap Interaction with the Power Grid VE system: vehicle, charger, power grid Hourly tariffs for off-peak charging Batteries interact with the grid: smart grids

VE Roadmap Market Penetration ABVE : 50% in 2025 (HEV 30%) External factors: fuel prices, power rates, taxes & incentives, public transportation, charging facilities, information Technological factors: batteries, capacitors, regenerative breaking Marketing models: transparence and destination

VE Roadmap Local Utilization & Production Initiatives: Challenge Bibendum, SPE/MF, INAE, INEE/ABVE Context: fast technologic evolution, vague policy definitions, ample opportunities, investment in flex and biodiesel, high fiscal burden Challenges: investment in new technologies, assembly lines, new inventories, O&M personnel training, obsolescence risk

VE Roadmap Local Utilization & Production Adequacy: type choice according to end use Incentives for public services EV utilization Taxes: Reduce present sales & property taxes for EV Charging infrastructure for plug-ins Hourly tariffs to stimulate off peak consumption Smart grid: enhance and exploit EV contribution Low import taxes for high performance batteries