Warm-Up – 23.Sept.2014 You have 4 minutes after the tardy bell to complete the warm- up. You have 2 minutes after that to check your. Questions based on Monday’s notes. Answers England & France; France Civil War (b/w Houses of York & Lancaster) - Killed over 1/3 of the population - Anti-Semitism & ppl. start to question the church - Beginning of the end of the manorial system Questions The Hundred Years War was between ___ & ___. Who won? The War of Roses was what type of war? How did the Plague effect Europe? (3 reasons)

ROLE OF THE CHURCH

System of Organization Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman Empire Spread to other parts of Europe Christianity appealed to many during the medieval times since many people’s lives were filled with suffering and hardship and Christianity offered them the promise of a happy afterlife The Church developed a system of organization Priest was the head of a local community called a parish Bishop – in charge of a group of parishes, area of authority called a bishopric or dioceses Archbishop – watches over a group of bishoprics The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic Church – formerly the Bishop of Rome

Monk – a man who separates himself from everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God, lives in a monastery run by an abbot Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor, took a vow of poverty Monks worked to spread Christianity throughout Europe Called missionaries = people sent out to carry a religious message Women who dedicated themselves to God were called nuns and lived in convents

Pope Innocent III strengthened papal power and believed that the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs Used the interdict to exercise his powers An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments (Christian rites) to a particular group of people A pope used an interdict against a country whose ruler has disobeyed him People under interdiction lost the comforts and blessings of religion They exerted pressure on their ruler to follow the pope’s wishes Could also excommunicate people = to cast out of the Church

Heresy and The Inquisition Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church People who committed heresy were called heretics and were usually burned at the stake The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics Used torture and heretics who converted to Catholicism were freed, while others were killed The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still operating in the 1800s The two groups it went after most were Jews & Muslims Decline of Church Power Over time Popes became corrupt and used their position for wealth and power The Great Schism divided Europe religiously and damaged the reputation of the Church This was when there were two popes, both claiming power

The Crusades From the 11th to 13th centuries, European Christians went on the Crusades The Crusades were a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims who were known as infidels (non-believers) The goal of each Crusade was to take Jerusalem and the surrounding area away from the Muslims Many Christians believed that Jesus would only come again once Christians held Jerusalem The Muslims also considered Jerusalem holy The First Crusade started when Muslim Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Emperor asked for help and Pope Urban II responded by urging Christians to take up arms in a holy war (1095) Slogan: “God wills it!” Two groups set out for the Crusade Peasant Crusaders – slaughtered entire Jewish communities on the way to Jerusalem Most died quickly when they did reach the Holy Land Trained knights – even they were still unprepared for the hardship Three years after heading out, the Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem Captured Jerusalem & killed most of its inhabitants

Set up four Latin Crusader states that were surrounded by Muslims and were intended to be strongholds against future Muslim aggression Second Crusade A few years later the Muslims began to recapture lands The Second Crusade is organized after one of the Latin Crusader states falls to the Muslims It was a complete failure – took no lands from Muslims

Third Crusade A new leader emerges among the Muslims – Salah ad-Din, whom the Europeans call Saladin His goal was to recapture the Holy Land In 1187 he captured Jerusalem Due to this, the Third Crusade is launched and several monarchs set out for the Holy Land Only Richard made it to and fought in the Holy Land King Richard and Saladin fought fiercely against each other and although Richard won several battles, he was not able to take Jerusalem Richard instead negotiates an agreement with Saladin for Christian pilgrims to be allowed to go into Jerusalem and he returns home

Children’s Crusade Nicholas of Cologne brings thousands of children to the pope, saying that God has inspired him to lead the children to the Holy Land The pope sends them home At the same time, seven ships carrying 20,000 French children sails for the Holy Land Two ships sink and the other five ships reach North Africa, where the rest of the children were sold into slavery

Effects of the Crusades There were nine Crusades launched from 1096 to 1291 – the First Crusade was the only successful one The Crusades increased trade and some Italian cities benefited economically Lots of money and manpower spent on the Crusades Led to the deaths of many knights and nobles Kings gained power as they took over unoccupied lands Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe Began to view all non-Christians as enemies Undertaking holy wars against Muslims while the “murderers of Christ” ran free at home Massacres of Jews became a feature of medieval European life, anti-Semitism increases Anti-Semitism = hostility towards Jews Breeds centuries of mistrust between Christians & Muslims

Crusade Reason For People Involved Result First Second Third Fourth Children’s

Revival and Growth of Trade After the Crusades trade began to grow Most of the early trading cities were found in Italy, with Venice being the most important Other Italian cities, wanting to get wealthy, created their own trade routes Trade in the north was dominated by the Hanseatic League Group of northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade Trade encouraged people to use money again Before, workers had been paid with goods This led to some merchants allowing their customers to buy goods on credit Credit = the promise of later payment This also led to the creation of Europe’s first banks

Medieval Trade

In the 12th century, craftspeople organized into business associations called guilds that played a leading role in urban economics The primary functions of a guild was to restrict competition Craft guilds set quality standards, specified methods of production, fixed the price of the finished product, and determined who could enter the guild A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice to a master craftsperson around the age of 8 They received room and board, but no pay After 5 to 7 years, apprentices became a journeyman who worked for pay for other masters To become a master, they had to produce a masterpiece which the guild would judge