The War Expands Chapter 22 Section 1

I. Introduction After declaring war, U.S. needed to mobilized forces 1. 10 million drafted 2. 6 million volunteered

II. War in Europe Allied position is weak 1. Germany controlled much of Europe 2. Axis powers confident

Europe in 1942

B. Battle for North Africa September 1940 – Mussolini attacks British colony of Egypt and the Suez canal Would give Axis powers control of oil fields

December 1940 – British overran Italian forces Pushed back into Libya Captured port city of Tobruk

4. Germany stepped in to help Doubled size of Afrika Korps General Erwin Rommel – “Desert Fox” Pushed British back into Egypt

AFRIKA KORPS

AFRIKA KORPS

C. Hitler invades the Soviet Union Although Germany had promised not to attack U.S.S.R. Wanted rich resources of Soviet Union

June 22, 1941 – 3.2 million German troops invaded German invasion caught Soviet army of 5 million by surprise Soviet army was not well equipped or trained

The Great Purge The purge of the army removed three of five marshals (then equivalent to six-star generals), 13 of 15 army commanders (then equivalent to four- and five-star generals), eight of nine admirals (the purge fell heavily on the Navy, who were suspected of exploiting their opportunities for foreign contacts), 50 of 57 army corps commanders, 154 out of 186 division commanders, 16 of 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

The Great Purge The first five Marshals of the Soviet Union in November, 1935. (l-r): Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Kliment Voroshilov, Vasily Blyukher, Aleksandr Yegorov. Only Voroshilov and Budyonny survived the Great Purge.

Soviets force to retreat Scorched-earth policy a. Scorched-earth = a plan in which a retreating army burns or destroys its own crops and other valuable materials leaving nothing behind only burnt ground

German invasion of USSR

German invasion of USSR

German invasion of USSR

German invasion of USSR

Sept. 1941 – Germans laid siege to Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Blockaded city Bombed food warehouses Tried to starve citizens into surrender 240,000 died first winter Lasted until January 1944

f. Over 2 million died

October 1941 – German Start attack on Moscow Winter slowed German progress German soldiers froze in summer uniforms By December, reached outskirts of Moscow Soviet citizens protected city

Battle of Moscow

Battle of Moscow

Battle of Moscow

III. Japan continues in War of Expansion After Pearl Harbor, expansion continued

B. New Prime Minister, General Hideki Tojo

D. January 1942 – took control of Philippines FDR ordered Gen. Douglas MacArthur to leave – “I will return”

2. Japan captured 80,000 Filipino and U.S Soldiers at Bataan Forced them to march 65 miles in heat with little to eat Between 10,000 and 14,000 died Bataan Death March

Bataan Death March

March 1942 – controlled Indonesia May 1942 – British Burma fell 1. Cut off supplies to Chinese 2. Japanese hoped China would surrender but they fought on

Buy June of 1942 most of Southeast Asia controlled by Japanese Now sought India, Australia and New Zealand

IV. Allied Strategy A. U.S., Great Britain and U.S.S.R. were strongest Allies 1. Called Big Three 2. Decided to defeat Germany before Japan

Stalin wanted Allies to attack Western Europe Churchill and FDR agreed to attack Hitler’s weak spots (North Africa and Southern Europe)