ARCH 304 History of Architecture II MODERNISM - Its initial movements Sofia Sebastian

Idea of modern architecture 20th century Rational Economy Functional Mechanization Expression of building materials Louis Sullivan American Essay – Ornament in Architecture (1892) Do not use ornaments in architecture . . Adolf Loos Vienna Travelled to US Saw buildings of the Chicago School Pioneer of modern architecture 1908 – Ornament and crime – decoration was offence

Unadorned white cubical mass with plain modest window openings Rationalism Adolf Loos Steiner House – 1910 Vienna Unadorned white cubical mass with plain modest window openings Street-form façade RCC .

Adolf Loos Moller house Each element – doors, windows, parapets, cantilevered slabs is carefully arranged Mezzanines Multiple ceiling heights Moller House

The modern masters Frank Lloyd wright Le Corbusier Influenced by Louis Sullivan James Charnley house 2 storey house Chicago Symmetrical design Central doorway with carved Sullivanesque ornament below a second level loggia with Doric columns Frank Lloyd wright Le Corbusier Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Walter Gropius . .

Symmetrical design and Sullivanesque ornament Frank Lloyd Wright Winslow house Illinois Symmetrical design and Sullivanesque ornament Organized around a central fire place Horizontal lines Overhanging hipped roof Eaves at window heads in the second floor Building hugs the ground Chimney mass more horizontal than vertical . .

Frank Lloyd Wright – Prairie Houses Ward Willit’s house Illinois Cruciform plan – extending into the landscape – organic to the landscape Horizontal lines Overhanging eaves of the roof line Eaves to the level of the window head Exterior stucco banded by horizontal strips of dark wood Diminishing chimney height . .

Frank Lloyd Wright – Prairie Houses Kaufmann house Falling Waters Illinois Visual link between the interior and exterior through a series of balconies cantilevered off the major living spaces . .

Frank Lloyd Wright – Prairie Houses Robie House -1909 Privacy from the street 3 storeys Garage, playroom and service – Ground floor Living and Dining – 1st floor Bedrooms – 2nd floor Low wall in front Elevated windows + balcony gave the privacy Balcony and low walls – horizontality Bricks . .

Frank Lloyd Wright – Prairie Houses Robie House Plan organized around chimney Living and dining room is one linear space

Frank Lloyd Wright – Early Public buildings Larkin Building, Buffalo, New York ( 1904) Office 6 storey Skylit atriums high windows Plantings – either end of the atrium Uninterrupted vertical brick mass except for the string course

Frank Lloyd Wright – Early Public buildings Geometric ornament Unity Temple, Oak Park, United States (1906) Busy street – turned the building inward – reduce noise 2 elements of the church –worship space – auditorium and Unity house - classrooms, kitchen Worship house has 2 levels of balconies on 3 sides Light high in the wall In situ concrete

Frank Lloyd Wright – Flight from America Imperial Hotel, Tokyo 1916-1922 Ingenious foundation Cantilevered structural system Complex form Decorative Elementary geometries of circles and rectangles

Deutscher Werkbund transform the education of craftspeople so a body of skilled artisans would be available to carry out its designs To improve the competence of German companies in global markets To integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques To compete with England and United States German Work Union of artists, architects, designers and industrialists founded in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius, Peter Behrens, and Fritz Schumacher, Not really an artistic movement differed from the other Arts and Crafts movements by allying artists and architects with industrialists. bring the talents of artists to bear on industrial products. . .

AEG Turbine Factory - Giant electric company HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements demonstrates his extensive and innovative use of glass and poured concrete. Deutscher Werkbund . AEG Turbine Factory - Giant electric company Combines sloping walls of glass with massive masonry corner elements Light steel frames of the street façade form one of the earliest curtain walls Faceted gable roof Peter Behrens served as a bridge between more traditional architecture and the Expressionist approach. In his private practice he employed three architects of the 20th century – Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. Here the structural elements are presented in a direct and rational manner and the window treatment is lively and functional.