We are done with written bell work Please remove the Mammal notes worksheet from your folder and read it over, while I take attendance

Date 5/20/13 Subject Zoology Benchmarks SC.912.L.15.6 SC.912.L.15.7 Bell work Read over today’s activity Objective Identify features that define all mammals Agenda Senior exemptions Bill Nye: Mammals Introduction to mammals (PPT) and notes Essential Question What characteristics distinguish the 3 major subclasses of mammals? Vocabulary multicellular, heterotroph, eukaryotic, endothermic, viviparous Ticket Out: Complete notes Homework: Final Exam Review

If you are a senior, please have your form out for me to collect and sign. I will take care of that while you are working on your notes.

MAMMALS

Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotroph Eukaryotic No Cell Wall

Phylum Chordata Dorsal nerve chord

Subphylum Vertebrata Dorsal nerve chord surrounded by vertebrae Endoskeleton

Class Mammalia Are endothermic— “warm-blooded” ** have body hair Have a diaphragm for breathing **females secrete milk from mammary glands to feed newborn young Have a 4-chambered heart

Mammalia (continued) Have a single lower jawbone (usually 4 kinds of teeth) Are viviparous—females carry their young in the uterus & give birth to live young. Many have highly developed brains

Mammals Characteristics body structure hair specialized teeth mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans Characteristics body structure hair specialized teeth body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk muscles contract diaphragm contracts

Mammals Sub-Classes monotremes marsupials placental egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna marsupials pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum placental true placenta nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans

Sub-class Monotremata Called “monotremes” Egg-layers lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna Example: duck-billed platypus, echnida

Sub-class Marsupialia Called “marsupials” pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch form completion of young’s development short-lived placenta Examples: Kangaroo, koala & opossum

Sub-class Placentals Young develops a placenta to interface with the mother’s uterine wall. Used for the transfer of materials—oxygen & carbon dioxide, nutrients & nitrogen waste. Examples: shrews, bats, whales, humans

Sub-Class Placenta Orders: Insectivores Rodentia Lagomorpha Edentata Chiroptera Carnivora Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Proboscidae Cetacea Sirenia Pinnipedia Primates

Insectivora Called: “Insectivores” “insect-eaters” Have long snouts, short dense fur 5 toes on each foot Examples: shrews & moles

Rodentia Gnawing animals Have only 2 pairs of incisors—1 upper & 1 lower—& no canines, leaving a wide gap between incisors & molars. Incisors enameled The upper teeth rub against the lower ones & wear away the softer inner surface, producing a short, chisel-like, edge ideal for gnawing.

Rodentia (continued) The incisors grow continuously throughout the animal’s life -- if they didn’t, they’d be worn away, Rodents must gnaw enough to keep the incisors from growing too long.

Rodentia (continued) Eyes are bulbous & placed high on the side of the head, to detect danger over a wide area 4 toes on their front feet & 5 in back Examples: chipmunks, marmots, squirrels, mice, rats, muskrats, voles, porcupines, & beavers.

Lagomorpha Resemble rodents but have 4 upper incisor teeth—a large front pair & a small pair directly behind them. Like rodents, the incisors grow continuously, so they must gnaw constantly 5 toes on their feet Examples: rabbits & hares

Edentata “without teeth” Examples: armadillo, anteater, sloth

Chiroptera “finger wing” Enlarged membrane-covered forelimbs The only mammal that truly flies. Examples: bats

Carnivora “meat-eater” Long canine teeth for stabbing prey Sharp cheek teeth for slicing meat. None truly hibernates even though some den-up & sleep soundly during the cold Examples: bears, coyotes, wolves, foxes, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs.

Artiodactyla “even”– “ digits” Even-toed hoofed mammals Hoofs in two’s or fours—a cloven hoof Examples: elk, deer, bison, caribou, moose

Perissodactyla “odd”—”digits” Solid hoof mammals Examples: horses

Proboscidea “trunked nose” Examples: elephants

Cetacea Examples: whales & dolphins

Sirenia “sea cows” Example: manatee

Pinnipedia “water carnivores” Name means “feather foot” Examples: seals

Primates “opposable thumb” Examples: man, monkeys, apes

Marine Mammals Cetacea—Order of Whales (Whales, dolphins & porpoises) Mysticeti Odontoceti (Baleen Whales) (Toothed whales)

Marine Mammals cont’d Whales: Warm-blooded 37 o C. (99o F) Breathe air with lungs Move tails up & down (unlike fish) Tail is called a fluke

Odontoceti: Toothed Whales Jaws lined with simple, pointed teeth Hunt actively for fish, squid, seals & sometimes other whales Examples: Narwhal Beluga Dophins & porpoises Orcas Sperm whales

Mysticeti: Baleen Whales Mouth lined with giant flexible combs called baleen Filter fish (herring) and crustaceans (krill) from the water

Three types of baleen whales Rorquals—have folds or pleats in their underchin for collecting large amounts of water when feeding. (humpback, fin & minke whales) Gray—bottom feeder Right—slow moving plankton feeder

Whale anatomy Streamlined fishlike body Front-limbs modified into flippers Broad horizontal fluke provides propulsion (upstroke is the power stroke) Thick layer of fat called “blubber” Aids in buoyancy Source of stored energy Helps preserve body heat

Anatomy continued Skin has no sweat or oil glands and is nearly devoid of hair. Smooth, rubbery to touch. Have lungs. Breathe not through their mouths, but rather through a nostril or “blowhole” located on the top of their head The blowhole opens by a slight muscular contraction. It closes automatically when the muscle relaxes

Anatomy continued Whales are able to drink seawater & yet maintain low salt concentrations in their body fluids. Can store very high oxygen concentrations in their blood and muscles—to be used during a dive. Heart rate slows & arteries constrict to many of the animals organs. This conserves O2 & maintains blood pressure. Some can hold breath for 50-80 minutes Hear in water so have no need of a pinna. External ear is reduced to small slits

Mammal Notes The PowerPoint is on my web site for you to refer to.