Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C6H12O6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H2O (water) Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Inorganic Compounds Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Polarity/solvent properties Chemical reactivity Cushioning Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Inorganic Compounds Salts Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Inorganic Compounds Acids Can release detectable hydrogen ions Bases Proton acceptors Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11 Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Carbohydrates Figure 2.12c Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Common lipids in the human body Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Common lipids in the human body (continued) Phospholipids Form cell membranes Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lipids Figure 2.14a, b Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cholesterol Figure 2.14c Slide 2.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Proteins Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Enzymes Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16 Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Important Organic Compounds Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.18a Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.19 Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings