Class 34: Catholicism in early 20th C Dr. Ann T. Orlando 25 April 2018

Introduction Beginning of Liturgical Renewal Catholic Reaction to Changing social and economic situation in early 20th C Church during WW I Pius XII and Concordat with Hitler World War II and Shoah Pius XII after WWII

Liturgical Renewal in Church The liturgy had been little changed since Trent Need to reinvigorate liturgy in opposition to Enlightenment Effort to rediscover older liturgical forms as core of liturgy (Romanticism) Balance corporate and individual in worship Benedictine Abbey at Maria Laach Pope St. Pius X Encouraged active participation of laity in Church music during liturgy Special devotion to Mass Romano Guardini (1885-1968) Spirit of Liturgy 1918 Corporate, Christological nature of liturgy Relation between liturgy and call to do justice in world

Catholic Social Justice Movements In late 19th C and early 20th C, Church responds to increasing economic and social problems with organizations that Often rely on laity Work with but outside typical clerical diocesan hierarchies Often explicit political agenda Forged bonds with labor unions Salesians Founded by Don Bosco (1815-1888) Care for poor urban boys By 1900 there were 300 Salesian Houses Knights of Columbus, 1882 Boys Town 1917 Catholic Action, 1923 Catholic Medical Mission Board, 1928 Catholic Worker Movement, Dorothy Day, 1933 Catholic Relief Services 1943

Fr. John Ryan (1865-1945) American Catholic moral theologian Also a background in economics Deeply concerned about poor laborers and economic justice Return to natural law arguments on social issues Rerum Novarum as theoretical model for his work STD Dissertation, A Living Wage and Redistributive Justice Proposed a minimum wage set by government for all workers Suggested how to compute such a minimum wage Very influential in early days of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal

Pope Pius X (1903-1914) Opposed to Modernists (Historical Critical Method applied to Biblical studies) Reform of Canon Law, 1917 (revised 1985) Lay reception of daily Communion Included children who had made First Communion Not in a state of mortal sin Willingness to accept God’s Will for them Encouraged more lay participation in liturgy; but implied need to understand liturgy. Roots of Catholic lay education

Benedict XV (1914-1922) and WWI WWI was just starting when Benedict XV elected He was deeply concerned that the peace established in1917 would destroy the social and economic fabric of Germany Deeply concerned that Europe had lost sight of its Christian roots and was returning to a new barbarism Reformed Church’s view of missionary methods in Maximum illud Strong support for native clergy, especially bishops

Pius XI (1922-1939) Deeply concerned about rise of Communism Wrote Quadragessimo Anno (40th Year) to commemorate and endorse Rerum Novarum In some sense saw Fascism as bulwark against Communists Signed Lateran Accords, an agreement with Mussolini that Rome was Capital of Italy, Pope sovereign over Vatican City But Pius XI clashed with Italian Fascists and rising German Nazis over political tactics and strong rhetoric Supported Franco in Spain Once Nazis came to power in Germany, 1933, recognized need to establish some relationship with them Concordat with Hitler 1933 (negotiated by Pacelli) But resulting concerns over Nazi rule led to Mit Brennender Sorge ; smuggled into Germany and read from every pulpit on Palm Sunday Also wrote Divini Redpmtoris, condemning Communism

Pius XII (1939-1958) and WWII Pius XII did have a special love for Germany Pius XII was opposed to Hitler, deplored Fascism almost as much as he deplored Communism Opposed Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia He was in contact with German Generals who tried to overthrow Hitler in 1940 But felt he needed to be publicly neutral to be able to work for peace Catholic relief supplies and efforts to reunite refugee families were substantial across Europe Worked with anti-Mussolini forces near end of War to remove Mussolini from power and prevent Nazis from taking over; managed to have Rome declared a non-combat zone Worked with Catholic US bishops to establish Catholic Relief Services in 1943

Pius XII and the Holocaust Public Stance; it does seem that Pius XII knew what was happening to Jews. No public condemnation Possible reasons Concern about vicious Nazi retaliation against Church; example of Dutch bishops Better able to help some Jews if Church was not threatened by Nazis Unwillingness to jeopardize official neutrality Private Activities Over 400,000 Jews in Italy saved Churches in France, Germany, Belgium part of ‘underground’ railroad to hide Jews

The Press’ Changing View of Pius XII "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas...He is about the only ruler left on the Continent of Europe who dares to raise his voice at all". (Editorial, the New York Times, Dec 25, 1941). "A full explanation of Pope Pius' conduct is needed...It now falls to John Paul and his successors to take the next step toward full acceptance of the Vatican's failure to stand squarely against the evil that swept across Europe" (Editorial, the New York Times, Mar 18, 1998).

Pius XII after WWII Holy Year Pilgrimage 1950 Increased numbers of Catholics, increased prosperity for Church Worked against Communism Infallibly declared Assumption Allowed historical critical method to be used by Catholic scholars Encouraged growth of Catholic diocese in Asia and Africa; promoted diocese in Western Hemisphere

Epistemology and Pius XII: Humani Generis, 1950 We know by the Teaching Authority of the Church Theologians should work to support and promote the mind of the Church Concerns about modern methods Opposed to process theology

Mystici Corporis, 1943 Written during the darkest days of WWII Addressed to all people of good will Church as a living body Importance of family model as basic unit of society Communion as participation in Body of Christ

Assignments (optional) Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, available at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_en.html 2. Pius X Encyclical Against Modernism, available at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis_en.html 3. Romano Guardini. The Spirit of the Liturgy. Trans. Ada Lana. New York: Crossronds, 1998. p 17-42. Pius XI Mit Brennender Sorge, www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_en.html Pius XII Mystici Corporis, www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html