Information Processing © Global Air Training Limited 2010

Sensory System Visual System Vestibular System Somatosensory System Eyes – sense position based on what we see Vestibular System Organs within inner ear – sense position by the way we are balanced Somatosensory System Nerves in the skin, muscle and joints – sense position based on gravity, feeling and sound © Global Air Training Limited 2010

House Red Paper Blue Water Green Table Yellow © Global Air Training Limited 2010

© Global Air Training Limited 2010

Believing can be not seeing! © Global Air Training Limited 2010 5 5

© Global Air Training Limited 2010

Perception A BIRD IN THE THE HAND © Global Air Training Limited 2010

Amazing Aoccdrnig to a rscheearchr at Cabmrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what order the ltteers ina word are, the only iprmoetnt thing is that the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitl raed it wouthit a porbelm. This is bcuseae the human mind deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a whole. Amzanig huh ? © Global Air Training Limited 2010

© Global Air Training Limited 2010

© Global Air Training Limited 2010

© Global Air Training Limited 2010

Memory, Memories © Global Air Training Limited 2010 12

Memory Exercise © Global Air Training Limited 2010 13

Short Term Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Working Memory Things that you see Last for 0.5 – 1 second Echoic Memory Things that you hear Last for 2 – 8 seconds Working Memory We can remember about 7 items for 10 -20 seconds © Global Air Training Limited 2010 14 14

Long Term Memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Motor Programmes Memory of events which can be lost Semantic Memory Memory of meaning The context is never lost Motor Programmes Become Automatic Often Physical actions © Global Air Training Limited 2010 15 15

The time needed to make one choice Simple Reaction Time The time needed to make one choice Depends on your state, eg. well rested or tired The time can be up to 1/5th second 26 metres at 300 kts. © Global Air Training Limited 2010

3 Categories of Human Factor Error Perceptual Error Response Error Attention Error Research has shown that accidents occur for one of three principle reasons. The first is perceptual error. Sometimes critical information was below the threshold for seeing - the light was too dim, the driver was blinded by glare, or the pedestrian's clothes had low contrast. In other cases, the driver made a perceptual misjudgment (a curve's radius or another car's speed or distance). The second, and far more common cause, is that the critical information was detectable but that the driver failed to attend/notice because his mental resources were focussed elsewhere. Often times, a driver will claim that s/he did not "see" a plainly visible pedestrian or car. This is entirely possible because much of our information processing occurs outside of awareness. Mack and and Rock (1998) have amazingly shown that we may be less likely to perceive an object if we are looking directly at it than if it falls outside the center of the visual field. This "inattentional blindness" phenomenon is doubtless the cause of many accidents. Lastly, the driver may correctly process the information but fail to choose the correct response ("I'm skidding, so I'll turn away from the skid") or make the correct decision yet fail to carry it out ("I meant to hit the break, but I hit the gas"). We will not discuss response errors, but see "Medical Error and Mental Acts of God." © Global Air Training Limited 2010

Attention is sometimes Selective Focused Divided Sustained © Global Air Training Limited 2010 18 18

Limited Channel Capacity The brain operates as a single-channel processor: Primary task - on which we focus attention. Secondary tasks - ancillary activities that we don't focus attention on but that can overload our capacity. Limited Channel Capacity • The brain operates as a single-channel processor: l Primary task - on which we focus attention. l Secondary tasks - ancillary activities that we don't focus attention on but that can overload our capacity. • Stressors affect our information processing ability: l Load stress - # inputs to be monitored. l Speed stress - rate of presentation of inputs. © Global Air Training Limited 2010