Section 2: Amphibians & Reptiles Class Amphibia ~4000 species Tetrapods-Four footed 3 Orders: Caudata – Salamanders Anura – Frogs & Toads Gymnophiona – Caecilians (naked snakes)

Order Caudata- (tail + to bear) Salamanders 100-350 species Habitat- Moist forest floor near aquatic environments. Aquatic Larvae

Order Gymnophiona (naked + like a snake) Caecilians ~100 species Tropical Wormlike burrowers Feed on soil-borne worms/inverts

Order Anura- (without + tail) Frogs & Toads ~3500 species Moist semi-aquatic habitats Eggs & Larvae aquatic

Difference between Frog & Toad Bulging eyes Short hind legs for walking Webbed feet Lay eggs in chain Lay eggs in cluster Lack any teeth Feet slightly webbed if at all Paratoid glands

Waters Advantage -Water shows less fluctuation in temperature than land. -Very stable environment. -Buoyancy help support the body or aquatic organisms. Lands Advantage -Air on land holds 20% more oxygen than water. -Land dwelling amphibians can be more active

Hibernation Video Respiration Adult frogs can obtain oxygen from the air using lungs. They also have a specialized skin that allows them to absorb as much (if not more) oxygen through their skin. Cutaneous Respiration This is a key adaptation that allows them to survive hibernation in the nearly frozen mud of a marsh or pond. Hibernation Video

Anuran Vocalization Draws air into lungs Pushes air across vocal cords and larynx into vocal sac. Vocal sac may resonate sound

Paleobatidae (Archaic Toads) Plains Spadefoot Toad Spea bombifrons Loud and harsh “Go-away go-away”

Bufonidae (True Toads) American Toad Bufo americanus Long musical trill 15-30 seconds

Hylidae (Tree Frogs) Blanchards Cricket Frog Acris blanchardi Two marbles being tapped or rubbed together

Gray Treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis Short high trill

Boreal Chorus Frog Pseudacris maculata Running finger across Teeth of a comb

Ranidae (Aquatic Frogs) Plains Leopard Frog Rana blairi Finger rubbing balloon

Bullfrog Rana catesbiana Drawing bow across upright bass Foghorn

Microhylidae (Microhylid Frogs) Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad Gastrophryne olivacea Nasally Beeeeeeee

Tympanic Membrane- Membrane that vibrates with sound waves to aid in hearing.

Frogs also sense vibrations through legs. Large predators nearby will create seismic vibrations in the ground.

Class Reptilia (to + creep) Dry skin and scales. Internal fertilization Carnivorous (turtles omnivorous) Cold blooded First vertebrates with Amniotic Eggs -Eggs with extra embryonic membrane Protect embryo from dehydration Cushions embryo Promotes gas transfer Stores waste  All adaptations for life on land

Three types (subclasses) of reptiles based on skull type: Anapsid- Turtles, likely the most distant divergence from other reptiles. ~ 250mya Diapsid- Snakes and lizards. Dinosaurs  Crocodiles & Birds Synapsid- All extinct, but gave rise to mammals.

Oviparous- Egg laying Turtles, most snakes & lizards. Ovoviviparous- Internal eggs Some lizards Viviparous- Live young Some snakes

Order Chelonia Turtles ~225 species Bony shell from modified vertebrae and ribs. Shell covered in Keratin dermal layer. Long life spans. Average 15 years, up to 100 in some tortoises

Turtles lay eggs in nests and do not care for young.

COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE Chelydra serpentina Prefers habitat with muddy bottoms. Omniverous Bottom dweller Up to 20” length (12” common) Up to 85 pounds (15lbs common) Mean age 28 years

ALLIGATOR SNAPPING TURTLE Macrochelys temminckii SINC Largest freshwater turtles 150-175lbs 3 large keels down center of carapace Eyes on side of head Use pink “lure” in mouth to attract prey

NORTHERN PAINTED TURTLE Chrysemys picta Carapace 100-200mm Colorful plastron & head patterning used to ID Diurnal Bask during light hours Omnivorous

COMMON MAP TURTLE Graptemys geographica Kansas State Threatened Species Carapace up to 200mm Isolated yellow spot behind eye.

FALSE MAP TURTLE Graptemys pseudogeographica Mostly found in rivers and streams. Carapace up to 200mm Short yellow crescent behind eye. Male: long front claws.

EASTERN RIVER COOTER Pseudemys concinna Smooth domed carapace. Head and shell markings used to ID Light C-shape on 2nd costal scute. Plastron yellow with dark patterns Male: long front claws

EASTERN BOX TURTLE Terrapene carolina Mostly terrestrial Tall domed carapace. Carapace up to 180mm Keel on 2nd and 4th vertebral scute May live entire life in 3 toes on hind feet an area no larger than a football field as range Males: usually red eyes

ORNATE BOX TURTLE Terrapene ornata Terrestrial Carapace patterned and up to 150mm keel-less Posterior plastron: Male concave Female flat or convex Primarily carnivorous Mean age 25 years

(Red eared) SLIDER Trachemys scripta Carapace up to 250mm Red/orange splotch behind eye.

YELLOW MUD TURTLE Kinosternon flavescens Carapace up to 15cm Elevated 9th/10th marginal scute Male: rough scales behind knee. Longer tail tipped with claw. Muddy bottom ponds Omnivore Strong musk smell as defense.

COMMON MUSK TURTLE(stinkpot) Sternotherus odoratus Carapace up to 15 cm Tall and smooth dome Two yellow lines from snout to neck Male has larger head and stout spiked tail. STRONG musk smell as defense.

SMOOTH SOFTSHELL Apalone mutica Carapace up to 30cm Small dark splotches Black/white stripe from eye to neck. Male has thicker tail. Mostly found in rivers/streams Passive insectivores

SPINY SOFTSHELL Apalone spinifera Spiny cone projections on leading end of carapace. Rivers/streams Up to 50years Aggressive and can bite Carnivore

Order Squamata (scale + to bear) Snakes & Lizards Lizards (Suborder Sauria) ~3,300 species Usually 2 pairs of walking legs Visible Ear holes Eye lids Chromataphores

Snakes (Suborder serpentes) ~2,300 species Elongated body lacking limbs 200+ vertebrae Upper & lower jaw movable and hinged. Elongation of body resulted in loss of left lung and right kidney.

Skin covered in Keratin scales. Unlike amphibians, reptile skin does not aid in respiration. Nonkeeled scale Non-venomous snakes Keeled scale Venomous snakes

Ventral scales larger to facilitate movement.

Ecdysis (ek-dis-is): Periodic shedding of the skin. Begins with head

Vipers (family Viperidae) possess hollow fangs to inject venom

Pit Vipers have a Pit Organ on each side of the face that is heat-sensitive. Usually nocturnal so this aids their hunting.

Ectotherms: Rely on external heating source to warm their body. (Cold-Blooded) To stay active reptiles must maintain a temperature between 25-37 degrees Celsius. May form Hibernacula (large groups of reptiles in a group) in the winter to stay warm.

EASTERN RACER Coluber constrictor

SPECKLED KINGSNAKE Lampropeltis holbrooki

MILK SNAKE Lampropeltis triangulum

RINGNECK SNAKE Diadophis punctatus

COMMON GARTER SNAKE Thamnophis sirtalis WESTERN RIBBON SNAKE Thamnophis proximus

MASSASAUGA Sistrurus catenatus COPPERHEAD Agkistrodon contortrix TIMBER RATTLESNAKE Crotalus horridus MASSASAUGA Sistrurus catenatus

Great Plains Rat Snake Pantherophis emoryi