Study Points What is a mare? What causes craters, especially on the Moon? What is the Moon’s terminator? Explain why the Moon exhibits phases. Draw the Sun-Earth-Moon system showing the Moon’s orbit (not to scale), draw Moon in 8 different positions in its orbit and shade in Earth and Moon indicating which side is lit and which is dark. Use that drawing to explain what phase you will see for each of the Moon’s locations you drew. Knowing when New Moon occurs, predict about when First Quarter, Full, and Last Quarter Moons will occur. Know about how many days are in between the phases. Explain why the Sun, Moon and stars appear to rise in the east and set in the west. Explain why we have day and night using a sketch of Sun-Earth-Moon system to help. In one hour, the Moon, Sun, and stars move about how many degrees in the sky? (hint: how many degrees does the Earth rotate in 24 hours)? In one day, the Moon moves about how many degrees in the sky? (hint: about how many degrees does the Moon revolve in 30 days)? What direction does the Moon move from one night to the next? Explain? Explain why you always see the same face of the Moon. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS: Curtain, Earth globe, Tennis ball and stand, Sun lamp, Orrery, Starry Night, Solar System Simulator, Styro Moons, Notecards for survey HANDOUTS: Moon Phases Observation Add new moon video tour on computer or phone: https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/moon-tours-explore-the-moon-with-a-new-app-from-nasa/ https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/video-a-tour-of-the-moon/ https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4619 (new in 2018) Also crash course in astronomy #3 & #4?

Cycles of the Sky: Part 1 Moon

Moon Terminology Terminator – line between light and dark* Craters – indents caused by meteoids* Mare/Maria (mar-e-ah) – dark, lowland areas* Phases Rotation (spin) Revolution (orbit) Terminator – line between light and darkness on Moon Craters – indentations caused by a meteorite/asteroid (on the Moon in this case), no atmosphere to slow them down or burn them up and nothing to cover them up over time Maria – large, basaltic plains caused by volcanic eruptions, looked like oceans (Latin for seas), lowlands Lunar Highlands – Lighter surface, older and more cratered than newer maria Mare – oceans on Moon, low lying dark areas, why dark? More basalt from lava flows Phases – changing shape of the lit Moon that is visible to us on Earth Rotation – rotates on axis Revolution – revolves around another body Moon Observation Projects: Moon Phases (starts today) Moon Craters (last Tuesday) http://www.astronomy.org/StarWatch/January/1-15-08-moon.jpg

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Which direction does the Earth rotate (spin)? Clockwise or Counterclockwise? Most motion is CCW in space; ask about Earth and Moon rotation and revolution Today’s lecture: Lots of questions about motion and what we are seeing.

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Which direction does the Earth rotate (spin)? Clockwise or Counterclockwise? Most motion is CCW in space; ask about Earth and Moon rotation and revolution

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Which direction does the Earth rotate (spin)? Clockwise or Counterclockwise? Which direction does the Earth revolve (orbit)? Most motion is CCW in space; ask about Earth and Moon rotation and revolution

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Which direction does the Earth rotate (spin)? Clockwise or Counterclockwise? Which direction does the Earth revolve (orbit)? Most motion is CCW in space; ask about Earth and Moon rotation and revolution

Motion Everything is in motion Some motion is easy to see, some is not Earth rotates and revolves in the counterclockwise direction Most motion is CCW in space Moon rotates and revolves in the counterclockwise direction

Moon’s Motion You decide to watch our moon for a few hours one night. Which way does it move in the sky? 1. Toward the east 2. Toward the west (Show on Starry Night) Toward west, same as sun Rises in the east, Sets in the west Next full moon on 9/16/16

Moon’s Motion You decide to watch our moon for a few hours one night. Which way does it move in the sky? 1. Toward the east 2. Toward the west (Show on Starry Night) The Moon rises in the East and Sets in the West* Same motion as the Sun in our sky Toward west, same as sun Rises in the east, Sets in the west Next full moon on 9/16/16

Moon’s Motion: East to West What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both 3 and then 2

Moon’s Motion: East to West What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both 3 and then 2

Moon’s Motion: East to West What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both What is moving that predominantly causes the Moon to move east to west? 3. Sun moves 3 and then 2

Moon’s Motion: East to West* What is moving? 1. Moon orbits (revolution) 2. Earth spins (rotation) 3. Both What is moving that predominantly causes the Moon to move east to west?* 3. Sun moves 3 and then 2

About how long does Earth take to spin (rotate) once? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 2. 1 day

About how long does Earth take to spin (rotate) once? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 2. 1 day

About how long does our Moon take to orbit (revolve) once around Earth? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 3. 1 month

About how long does our Moon take to orbit (revolve) once around Earth? 1. ~1 hour 2. ~1 day 3. ~1 month 4. ~1 year 3. 1 month

Which way does Moon revolve (orbit)? 1. Same direction that Earth spins 2. Opposite direction that Earth spins View from space with Solar System Simulator http://sssim.com/en/index.html Draw it You can try your own Solar System Simulator here: http://www.faustweb.net/ Same Drag with right mouse to zoom

Which way does Moon revolve (orbit)? 1. Same direction that Earth spins = CCW 2. Opposite direction that Earth spins View from space with Solar System Simulator http://sssim.com/en/index.html Draw it You can try your own Solar System Simulator here: http://www.faustweb.net/ Same Drag with right mouse to zoom

If you watch Moon for a few hours, which motion dominates? 1. Moon’s motion due Earth’s spin (rotation) 2. Moon’s motion due to its own orbit around Earth (revolution) (Draw it) 1.

If you watch Moon for a few hours, which motion dominates? 1. Moon’s motion due Earth’s spin (rotation) 2. Moon’s motion due to its own orbit around Earth (revolution) (Draw it) 1.

If you note Moon’s position from one hour to the next, predict if it will move 1. East to west 2. West to east If you note Moon’s position from one night to the next, predict if it will move Starry Night for both 1 and then 2

If you note Moon’s position from one hour to the next, predict if it will move 1. East to west* 2. West to east If you note Moon’s position from one night to the next, predict if it will move 1. East to west 2. West to east* Starry Night for both 1 and then 2

Moon’s Motion Conclusion* Minute to minute (or hour to hour) the Sun, Moon, stars appear to rise in east and set in west due to Earth’s spin (rotation).* Day to day, Moon moves west to east due to Moon’s orbit (revolution) around Earth*

How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour? Drawing on board of Moon around Earth About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour? First answer: How many degrees do they move in a day? Drawing on board of Moon around Earth About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour? First answer: How many degrees do they move in a day? About 360 degrees around Earth in one day as Earth revolves Drawing on board of Moon around Earth About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour How much do the Moon, Sun, and stars move in our sky in an hour? First answer: How many degrees do they move in a day? About 360 degrees around Earth in one day as Earth revolves = 360 degrees / 24 hours = 15 degrees per hour across our sky* Drawing on board of Moon around Earth About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day? About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? 360 degrees About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? 360 degrees How long does the Moon take to revolve around Earth? About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? 360 degrees How long does the Moon take to revolve around Earth? about 30 days About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? 360 degrees How long does the Moon take to revolve around Earth? about 30 days So…each day the Moon moves: About 12 degrees per day (~10 deg/day)* About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

How much does the Moon move each day How much does the Moon move each day? How many degrees does the Moon move as it revolves (orbits) around Earth? 360 degrees How long does the Moon take to revolve around Earth? about 30 days So…each day the Moon moves: About 12 degrees per day (~10 deg/day)* Moon rises later each day; about 50 minutes later each day About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day. Which motion dominates? How much does the Earth move each day? How many degrees does the Earth move as it revolves (orbits) around the Sun? About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day How much does the Earth move each day? How many degrees does the Earth move as it revolves (orbits) around the Sun? 360 degrees About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day How much does the Earth move each day? How many degrees does the Earth move as it revolves (orbits) around the Sun? = 360 degrees/365 days ~= 1 deg/day About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day How much does the Earth move each day? How many degrees does the Earth move as it revolves (orbits) around the Sun? Earth moves about 1 degree/day And The Moon moves about 10 degrees/day Which motion dominates? About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Now compare the Moon’s movement to the Earth’s movement in 1 day How much does the Earth move each day? How many degrees does the Earth move as it revolves (orbits) around the Sun? Earth moves about 1 degree/day And The Moon moves about 10 degrees/day Which motion dominates? The Moon (10 deg/day > 1 deg/day)* This is the reason the Moon appears to move backward in the sky from one day to the next (& rises later each day).* About 12 degrees per day: 360/30 days ~ 12deg Moon rises about 50 minutes later each day

Moon’s Motion Conclusion* Minute to minute (or hour to hour) the Sun, Moon, stars appear to rise in east and set in west due to Earth’s spin (rotation).* Day to day, Moon moves west to east due to Moon’s orbit (revolution) around Earth*

8 Moon Phases* What we see from Earth… New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent What we see from Earth…

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to New Moon? New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to New Moon?

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to New Moon? ~28 days New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to New Moon? ~28 days

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to Full Moon? New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to Full Moon?

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to Full Moon? ~14 days New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to Full Moon? ~14 days

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to First Quarter? New Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to First Quarter?

8 Moon Phases* How many days from New Moon to First Quarter? ~7 days Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent How many days from New Moon to First Quarter? ~7 days Also ~7 days between: First Quarter to Full Moon Full Moon to Last Quarter Last Quarter to New Moon

Moon Phases*** What we see from space… Orerry with light Handout styrofoam moons and setup sunlamp in front of room facing students. Turn lights off and make sure curtain is on windows. Orerry with light

Moon Phases Demonstration Lamp in front of the room acts as the Sun Each student holds a Moon Try to see phases of the Moon as seen from Earth

Moon Phases* – Notice the Sun Changed* Handout Moon Phases Orerry with light

Moon Phases Drawing/explanation of Phases and Moon location in orbit around Earth Observing Project: Moon Phases Handout Moon Phases

Moon Phases Observation From Sep. 6 to Oct. 9 to complete Record phases and location of the Moon over 4 separate dates. Observe 4 different phases of the Moon. There are 8 phases of the Moon over ~28 days. Class website has more details in Moon Phases observation file. Turn in the Moon Phases Observation sheet or take a picture of it and email it to the instructor. If you email it from your school email, then you will receive your grade by email, otherwise view grade on class website. Show grades

Full Moon/Horizon illusion Full Moon/Horizon illusion. Super Moon is only 10% larger at perigee than apogee Pass out scratch paper for survey http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050623.html http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011015.html

http://antwrp. gsfc. nasa. gov/apod/image/0505/lighthouse_landolfi_big http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0505/lighthouse_landolfi_big.jpg

Does the Moon rotate? We pretty much always see the same side of Moon. There is no dark side of the Moon because all of it gets lit by the sun at some point.

Does the Moon rotate? Yes, its rotation keeps the same side of the Moon always facing Earth* = Tidal Locking* Tidal Locking video demo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking Moon’s libration http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040829.html We pretty much always see the same side of Moon. There is no dark side of the Moon because all of it gets lit by the sun at some point. Handout scratch paper to record and turn in with names

Earth’s Moon

Moon Phases Survey Use scratch paper Write full name 6 multiple choice questions

Moon Phases Survey Top view Not to scale Five positions of Moon Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

1. Which position of Moon has the GREATEST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

2. Which position of Moon has the LEAST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E Moon images from http://www.cstarsoas.org.nz/index.php?mod=art&id_pag=52

6. In the moon phase pictures on the right, what causes Moon to change its appearance this way? As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. Clouds block part of Moon from our view. c. As Moon orbits Earth, we see different views of Moon’s sunlit side.

Moon Survey Answers

1. Which position of Moon has the GREATEST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

2. Which position of Moon has the LEAST amount of sunlight illuminating the Moon’s surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. They all have the same amount of sunlight illuminating the surface. Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 3. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 4. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E

5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon 5. The arrow on the right points to one phase of the Moon. Which position in the drawing below corresponds to that phase? Sun Earth Sunlight NOT TO SCALE Moon’s Orbit A B C D E Moon images from http://www.cstarsoas.org.nz/index.php?mod=art&id_pag=52

As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. 6. In the moon phase pictures on the right, what causes Moon to change its appearance this way? As Moon orbits Earth, Earth’s shadow covers Moon. Clouds block part of Moon from our view. c. As Moon orbits Earth, we see different views of Moon’s sunlit side. Hand them to your left and I will collect them

Observation Projects 100+ points of observations available but only a max of 100 points will be given. Currently at 115 points but more might be added later. Earth-Sun Scaling   Due: Sep. 11 10 points Star Gazing, Telescope, & Moon Craters  Due: Dec. 18 25, 25, & 10 points Moon Phases (starts today) Start: Sep. 6 Due: Oct. 9 10 points

Homework Continue flashcards of STUDY POINTS Complete D2L Quizzes 1 &2 (#2 is new today) Work on the Earth-Sun Scaling Observation Tuesday, Sep. 11 Work on Star Gazing, Telescope, & Moon Craters due Dec. 18 Work on Moon Phases Observation due Oct. 9 Lab – arrive this week with the necessary materials For additional learning or if you missed the lecture, watch this: Crash Course in Astronomy #4 Show D2L quizzes Show website and how to update each page with refresh