Relative Pronoun “who…, what…, that…, which…” Lesson XXXVI “Templa Deorum” Relative Pronoun “who…, what…, that…, which…”

The relative pronoun introduces a “relative clause”, which has its own subject and verb. The clause “relates” to the relative pronoun’s antecedent. 1) The people who talk the most often know the least. 1) The people [who talk the most] often know the least. 2) The boy whose lunch money was stolen was very sad. 2) The boy [whose lunch money was stolen] was very sad. 3) The building which lacks a solid foundation rarely lasts. 3) The building [which lacks a solid foundation] rarely lasts. 4) The man whom we heard speak last week was the best ever! 4) The man [whom we heard speak last week] was the best ever! 5) The shed in which the fireworks were stored blew to high heaven! 5) The shed [in which the fireworks were stored] blew to high heaven!

The relative pronoun introduces a “relative clause”, which has its own subject and verb. The clause “relates” to the relative pronoun’s antecedent. 6) I know the boy to whom you are referring. 6) I know the boy [to whom you are referring]. 7) I gave the reward to Spike whose mother got a little giddy. 7) I gave the reward to Spike [whose mother got a little giddy]. 8) These legions are Caesar’s who is destined to conquer Gaul. 8) These legions are Caesar’s [who is destined to conquer Gaul]. 9) I’ll feel safer with Ike whom Spike chose. 9) I’ll feel safer with Ike [whom Spike chose]. 10) This is my beloved Mac with which I’ve done so much. 10) This is my beloved Mac [with which I’ve done so much].

Agreement of Pronouns (now including relative pronouns) A pronoun agrees in gender and number with its antecedent. Si erit cibus in mensa, eum edemus; si aqua, eam bibemus. If there is foodon the table, we shall eat it; if there is water, we shall drink it.

Relative Pronoun: who, whose, whom, which, that Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cuius Dat. cui Acc. quem quam Abl. quo quā

Relative Pronoun: who, whose, whom, which, that (same for singular and plural, cf. p. 252) Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. qui quae Gen. quorum quarum Dat. quibus Acc. quos quas Abl.

Translation of a Relative Pronoun (same for singular and plural, cf. p Nominative M&F who N which Genitive whose, of whom of which Dative to whom to which Accusative whom Ablative from, by, with whom in, on, at…which

In Latin, the relative pronoun introduces a relative clause which typically ends with the verb. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person, but its case is determined by its own use in its own clause. Virum qui aderat vidi. I saw the man who was present. Virum quem vidisti vidi. I saw the man whom you saw. Porta quam vides lata est. The gate which you see is wide.

Relative Pronoun A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person, but its case is determined by its own use in its own clause. Feminae sunt quas delegit. They are the women whom he chose. Ego quae vobis dico sum regina. I who speak to you am queen.

“Style Points” In Latin, a third person pronoun antecedent (e.g., is, ea, id) is often omitted. (Is) Qui auxilium dat verus est amicus. He who gives help is a true friend. (Ei) Quos dei amant iuvenes moriuntur. They whom the gods love die young.

How to “get” the Latin relative pronoun. 1) Underline the relative pronoun. 2) Put [brackets around the relative clause]. 3) Draw an arrow from the relative pronoun to its antecedent. 4) Get the same gender and number as the antecedent. 5) Get the case from “use in its clause”. If you don’t see it right away, temporarily substitute antecedent in the relative clause to create a mini-sentence. e.g. The man who is fighting well is the son of that general. 1) The man who is fighting well is the son of that general. 2) The man [who is fighting well] is the son of that general. 3) The man [who is fighting well] is the son of that general. 4) “man” (vir) is masculine singular. 5) [“man” is fighting well] = “man” [“who”] is subject nom. Right Answer: qui!

How to “get” the Latin relative pronoun. 1) Underline the relative pronoun. 2) Put [brackets around the relative clause]. 3) Draw and arrow from the relative pronoun to its antecedent. 4) Get the same gender and number as the antecedent. 5) Get the case from “use in its clause”. If you don’t see it right away, temporarily substitute antecedent in the relative clause to create a mini-sentence. e.g. I love the rewards which we have here. 1) I love the rewards which we have here. 2) I love the rewards [which we have here]. 3) I love the rewards [which we have here]. 4) “rewards” (praemia) is neuter plural. 5) [we have “rewards” here] = “rewards” [“which”] is D.O. acc. Right Answer: quae!

How to “get” the Latin relative pronoun. 1) Underline the relative pronoun. 2) Put [brackets around the relative clause]. 3) Draw and arrow from the relative pronoun to its antecedent. 4) Get the same gender and number as the antecedent. 5) Get the case from “use in its clause”. If you don’t see it right away, temporarily substitute antecedent in the relative clause to create a mini-sentence. e.g. We attacked the camp in which the enemy was staying. 1) We attacked the camp in which the enemy was staying. 2) We attacked the camp [in which the enemy was staying]. 3) We attacked the camp [in which the enemy was staying]. 4) “camp” (castra) is neuter plural. 5) [enemy was staying in camp] = “camp” [“which”] is in + abl. Right Answer: quibus!

Practice Sentences Tu, qui amas… Filia nautae quem vidi… Templum, quod est latum… Agricolae quibus victoriam nuntiavi… Qui auxilium dat verus est amicus.