(2017, 2018) Cinematography.

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Presentation transcript:

(2017, 2018) Cinematography

Definition “the process of capturing moving images on film” Cinematographer = Director of Photography or DP Makes every creative choice related to composition, lighting, and camera motion— anything that audiences can see in a given shot depth-of-field to lighting the set to the positioning of people and objects within the frame to choosing the lenses and film stock One of the director’s closest collaborators DPs often accompany directors from project to project

Cinematography v. Mise en Scene Mise en Scene refers to “what is filmed” Cinematography refers to “how it is filmed” Some elements – like lighting, can be both

Elements of Cinematography Framing and Composition shot types camera angles depth camera movement aspect ratio lighting* Camera and exposure choices, film stock and lenses*

Framing and Composition: Shot Types extreme long (ELS) long (LS) medium (MS) close-up (CU) extreme close-up (ECU)

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Extreme Long Shot aka: used when/for: setting the scene – the what/where

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Long Shot used when/for: also estb, but for characters, etc.

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Medium Long Shot and Medium Shot used when/for: most common; dialog…

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Close-Up used when/for: show detail and emotion; dramatic effect

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Extreme Close-Up used when/for: looking at small detail; intense and/or evoke anxiety

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Over the shoulder shot used when/for: establish position of each person; feeling of looking at person from the other's pov; common for conversations

Shot Types (Framing and Composition) Point of View Shot (subjective shot) used when/for: as if seeing through the character (BB)

Framing and Composition: Camera Angles eye-level high angle low angle dutch angle/tilt

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Eye-Level (straight angle) used when/for: most natural; majority of shots; attitude toward subject is neutral (used early in films)

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) High Angle Used when/for: shows weakness, vulnerability, less authority

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Low Angle used when/for: subject appears larger than life; importance…

Camera Angles (Framing and Composition) Dutch Tilt used when/for: world is not right/out of balance…

Framing and Composition: “Depth” Challenge: how to give the illusion of depth deep-focus composition rule of thirds

Framing and Composition: Director’s Signature Framing can become a director’s signature - using the natural framing occurring in objects Quentin Tarantino – from below/trunk shots - or direction and perspective Wes Anderson – from above Stanley Kubrick – one-point perspective

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Pan Tilt Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Hand-held and steadicam shots

Camera Movement (Framing and Composition) Pan – camera rotates horizontally, side to side Tilt – camera vertically pivots/rotates up and down In pans & tilts, camera is in a fixed location, it pivots or rotates Usually tripod mounted example

The camera is mobile Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Camera Movement (Framing and Composition) Dolly/tracking shots Crane/“boom”/jib shots Hand-held and Steadicam shots The camera is mobile

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Dolly/tracking shot: camera fixed to wheeled support dolly in: frequently used when a character realizes something/comes to a decision dolly out: used for slow disclosure True Detective Spike Lee - dolly Wes Anderson

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Boom/jib shots: Camera mounted on counterweighted boom some telescope in or out can use for pans & tilts Crane shots: similar look to boom shot but motorized/hydraulics for movement typically long or extremely long shots and long takes

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Crane and boom shots… Opening of Touch of Evil Opening of The Player

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Hand-held and Steadicam shots can pan, tilt, or track Hand-held movement is obviously “unsteady”--which is how we know it’s a hand-held shot Steadicam a patented device that steadies camera, producing a relatively smooth movement, even when walking or running Steadicam first used in Rocky (1976)

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement Steadicam Handheld (BV)

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement The Zoom camera doesn’t move, but frame changes as the lens focal length is changed zoom in or out/magnification

Dolly/Tracking v. Zooming Explained

Dolly/Tracking v. Zooming Left (dolly/tracking): Camera moves Relation of back/foreground changes distortion at edges Right (zoom): Camera stationary Change of focal length Relation of back/foreground (flattening) Zooming tends to be less natural ex: re-inact ex: rock ex: street

Framing and Composition: Camera Movement And there are endless combinations… Jaws, etc. (1:20) Now you see it

Framing and Composition: Aspect Ratio (ratio of width to height) Rules of the Game, Jean Renoir, 1939 1.33:1 Aliens, James Cameron, 1986 1.85:1 Rebel Without A Cause, Nicholas Ray, 1955 2.35:1 (Cinemascope)

Aspect Ratio Explanation EG: now you see it