Chapter 19 Lesson 4 New Approaches to Civil Rights Notes Wednesday, May 21, 2014 Chapter 19 Lesson 4 New Approaches to Civil Rights Notes

African Americans Seek Greater Opportunity Cause for Busing  Despite Supreme Court rulings on integration of schools, black students still attended predominantly black schools, and white students attended predominantly white schools.

African Americans Seek Greater Opportunity Arguments for Busing  Investigations showed that schools in largely white neighborhoods were better than schools in black neighborhoods. African Americans were not getting the same education as whites. To address this problem, states began busing students to schools to balance the enrollment of blacks and whites. In 1971 the Supreme Court upheld busing in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.

African Americans Seek Greater Opportunity Arguments against Busing  Many white communities protested the lack of choice in schools. Many white families pulled their students out of schools subject to busing and moved to districts where busing did not occur. In Boston and other cities, so many white students left that African Americans and other minorities again dominated the schools.

Establishment of Affirmative Action New Political Efforts Establishment of Affirmative Action  To address inequalities in hiring and higher education, African American leaders pushed for affirmative action programs. Affirmative action required schools and employers to recruit a certain number or percentage of African Americans, and later, other minority groups.

New Political Efforts Operation PUSH In 1971 Jesse Jackson, former aide to Dr. King, organized Operation PUSH to register voters, develop African American businesses, and broaden educational opportunities.

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) New Political Efforts Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)  In 1971 the Congressional Black Caucus was organized by African American members of Congress to help them work together and pursue common goals. Shirley Chisholm, the first African American woman in Congress and founding member of Congressional Black Caucus, ran for president in 1972.

New Political Efforts New Political Leaders Jesse Jackson, a former aide to Dr. King who organized Operation PUSH, ran for president twice, but lost. Louis Farrakhan, minister of the Nation of Islam, organized the Million Man March in Washington, D.C., in 1995 to promote self-reliance and responsibility among African American men.

New Political Efforts IWBA Project the “Important Supreme Court Decisions” interactive whiteboard activity to categorize information relating to Brown v. Board of Education (as it relates to de facto segregation); Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (busing constitutional); Milliken v. Bradley (busing unconstitutional); and University of California Regents v.Bakke (anti-affirmative action). Due to time constraints, you may need to complete some of this activity before class, or complete it all and use as a lecture slide. If time permits, ask the discussion questions.

The Disabilities Rights Movement Goals 1. Independent Living  In the 1970s, people began advocating for individuals with disabilities by urging deinstitutionalization. The campaign for civil rights began as a movement to integrate persons of all physical and mental ability levels into mainstream society. 2. Equal Access  To realize their full civil rights, disabled persons needed the government to prohibit discrimination in employment, education, and housing, as well as to require physical accommodations to make facilities more accessible.

Disabilities Rights Legislation Facilities  The Architectural Barriers Act required that new buildings built with federal funds must be accessible to disabled persons. Discrimination  Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act in 1973 prohibited discrimination against disabled persons by any federally funded service.

Disabilities Rights Legislation Direct Action  In 1977 the American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities organized sit-ins around the country to demand that the government establish provisions for enforcing disability legislation. Special Education  The Education for All Handicapped Children Act guaranteed students with disabilities a free, appropriate education. As a result, many students with disabilities were introduced to regular classrooms for the first time.

Disabilities Rights Legislation Americans with Disabilities Act  In 1990 this law prohibited discrimination against disabled persons in employment, transportation, public education, and telecommunications.