Figure 9-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 9-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Object is very far away Image at focal plane Image is smaller Real image Captured on film Camera – scenic photography Image at focal plane Image is smaller Image is inverted Image is real

Object is closer but greater than 2 focal lengths Portrait photography Image further behind the lens Image is larger than previous but smaller than object Image is inverted Image is real

Object is at 2 focal lengths Image is 2x focal lengths behind the lens Image is the same size as the object Image is inverted Image is real

Object is between 2x and 1x focal lengths This describes the finite tube length objectives Image is even further back behind the lens Image is magnified Image is inverted Image is real

Object at front focal plane (with eyepiece) The last case listed above describes the functioning of the observation eyepiece of the microscope. The "object" examined by the eyepiece is the magnified, inverted, real image projected by the objective. When the human eye is placed above the eyepiece, the lens and cornea of the eye "look" at this secondarily magnified virtual image and see this virtual image as if it were 10 inches from the eye, near the base of the microscope. Rays emerge the lens in parallel Image is on the same side of the lens Image is upright Image is virtual

What is the total magnification?

Resolution Chuck Close: Cindy, 1988 Self Portrait/Woodcut, 2002

Abbe and the Resolution Limit d: resolution λ: wavelength n.sinα: numerical aperture of objective Ernst Abbe (1850-1905)

Part of opening angle wasted Add Immersion Oil Part of opening angle wasted Objective Light can not escape cover slip Add immersion oil Cover slip Sample Slide