Drill # 50 or 51 5/13/15 Name 2 differences and 2 similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Both have cell membranes filled with cytoplasm Both have DNA and ribosomes Prokaryotes do not have nuclei, eukaryotes do Prokaryotes have circular DNA, eukaryotes have linear DNA Prokaryotes do not contain organelles, eukaryotes have many membrane-bound organelles

Drill 5/14/2015 DON’T WRITE DRILL QUESTION, just answer. Explain how the structure of water causes it to be a polar molecule. Describe how water’s polarity leads to its special properties. Include: universal solvent, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, density, and capillary action.

Card 1 Describe what an enzyme is, label and explain the lock and key model, and tell what conditions would make the enzyme not work properly. Include: catalyst, enzyme substrate complex, enzyme, substrate, active site, product, and denature

Card 2 Describe the pH scale. Include: acid, base, neutral

Compare mitosis and meiosis. Drill 5/15/15 Compare mitosis and meiosis. Include: Number of divisions (PMAT) Number of daughter cells (2 or 4) Are the daughter cells genetically identical? Type of cell (somatic or sex cells) Chromosome number (haploid or diploid)

Mitosis Meiosis Number of divisions 1 2 Number of daughter cells 4 Genetically identical? Yes No Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent What type of cell Somatic cells Sex cells When would it occur Throughout life At sexual maturity Role in an organism Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

Card 3 Compare and contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cells. Include: nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, organelles, DNA

Card 4 Label each diagram and then describe the function of each system Include: brain, spinal cord, nerves, hormones

Card 5 Label each diagram and then describe the function of each system. Include: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver, large intestines, blood, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder

Card 6 Label each diagram and then describe the function of each body system Include: nose, trachea, lungs, carbon dioxide, oxygen, heart, blood vessels, blood

Card 7 Differentiate between the various cell structures that help cells move. Include: flagella, cilia, pseudopodia

Drill 5/18/15 Draw and Label the following enzyme analogy: 4 1 3 2 2

Card 8 Describe the movement of water and solute Include: osmosis, diffusion, equilibrium, passive transport

Card 9 Describe the processes that take place in the mitochondria and chloroplast Include: cellular respiration, photosynthesis, their equations, and what organisms carry out each process

Card 10 Describe the structure of DNA and list its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Card 11 Explain what a pedigree chart is and what is being shown in the pedigree Include: male, female, carrier, autosomal, recessive Pedigree charts are used to trace the inheritance of a genetic trait through a family. Males are represented by a square, and females by a circle. Carrier = doesn’t exhibit the trait, but could pass it on (they are heterozygous) Autosomal = any trait found on chromosome pairs 1-22, not the sex chromosomes (pair 23) Recessive = this trait can be masked by the dominant allele for the trait

Card 12 Describe the processes of transcription and translation Include: mRNA, DNA, tRNA, codon, anti-codon, amino acid, polypeptide, indicate where each process takes place and the end product of each process Transcription is when the DNA code is converted into mRNA codons. Occurs in the nucleus. Translation is when the mRNA codons are decoded into amino acids, which bond together to form a polypeptide (protein). Occurs at the ribosome out in the cytoplasm. tRNA bring the amino acids (the tRNA anticodons match to the mRNA codons)

Card 13 Write the purpose of mitosis, label the phases, and explain them. Include: metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, cytokinesis, and indicate what organisms / cells reproduce in this manner and the genetic outcome Mitosis is the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic body cells, which results in two genetically identical cells. Prophase = nucleus breaks down; chromosomes appear Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase = chromosomes split in half and move to opposite ends Telophase = two new nuclei start to form; cytokinesis starts (the division of the cytoplasm) Interphase is the time in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing and grows.

Card 14 Describe the purpose of a Punnett square and the outcome Include: genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, and recessive A Punnett Square is used to show the genetic possibilities of offspring. A genotype (represented by letters – alleles) codes for a phenotype (the physical expression of the trait). Heterozygous = mix of alleles, like Bb Homozygous = the same alleles, like BB or bb

Card 15 Explain how comparative anatomy provides evidences of evolution Include: evolution, homologous structures, analogous structures, and vestigial structures Anatomy is used to show the evolution (change) of an organism. Comparative Anatomy = the more similarities the closer the evolutionary relationship Homologous structures are a result of similar structural origin (can be used to show evolutionary relationship) Analogous structures are a result of similar function (does not show evolutionary relationship) Vestigial structures are structures that are no longer used by the modern day organism

Card 16 Explain how energy flows within the food web Include: producer/autotroph, consumer/heterotroph, herbivore, carnivore, and scavenger Energy in a food web begins with the producers/autotroph (organisms that create their food), and then will be passed on to each consumer/heterotroph level (organisms that will need to consume others to obtain their energy). Herbivores eat only producers (plants). Carnivores eat only animals. Scavengers eat dead/dying animals.

Card 17 Explain what happens to energy as it goes up the food chain. Label the trophic levels. Include: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer Only 10% of the energy available at each trophic level (feeding level) gets passed on to the next. The remaining energy is primarily lost as heat. Producers  Primary Consumers  Secondary Consumers  Tertiary Consumer

Card 18 Describe Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Include: survival of the fittest, natural selection, adaptation, genetic variation Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection states that organisms with the best adaptations (best physical traits) survive in their environment, reproduce, and pass on their traits. Survival of the Fittest = organisms that are able to survive and reproduce Genetic Variation = varieties in traits allows for organisms to survive changes

Card 19 Describe the process of succession. Include: primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer community, climax community Succession is the predictable set of changes that occurs in an environment. Primary succession occurs in an environment where only rock is left (ex: after a volcanic eruption). Secondary succession occurs in an environment where there is still dirt, but no organisms left (ex: after a wildfire). Pioneer communities start succession (these plants are fast growing) and climax communities represent the final stages of succession – like a forest.

Compare and contrast proteins and nucleic acids. Describe the pH scale. Include: acid, base, neutral Compare and contrast proteins and nucleic acids. Include: organic compound, monomers, elements that make them up, and their function(s) Explain how the structure of water causes it to be a polar molecule. Describe how water’s polarity leads to its special properties. Include: universal solvent, hydrogen bonds, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, density Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids. Include: organic compound, monomers, elements that make them up, and their function(s) Compare and contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cells. Include: nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, organelles, DNA Describe what an enzyme is, label and explain the lock and key model, and tell what conditions would make the enzyme not work properly Include: catalyst, enzyme substrate complex, enzyme, substrate, product, and denature

Label each diagram and then describe the function of each body system Include: nose, trachea, lungs, carbon dioxide, oxygen, heart, blood vessels, blood Label each diagram and then describe the function of each system. Include: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver, large intestines, blood, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder Label each diagram and then describe the function of each system Include: brain, spinal cord, nerves, hormones Differentiate between the various cell structures that help cells move. Include: flagella, cilia, pseudopodia Describe the processes that take place in the mitochondria and chloroplast Include: cellular respiration, photosynthesis, their equations, and what organisms carry out each process Describe the movement of water and solute Include: osmosis, diffusion, equilibrium, passive transport

Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine Describe the structure of DNA and give its base paring rules Include: double helix, nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Structure of DNA DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Parts of a Nucleotide: Nitrogen Base Phosphate Sugar-deoxyribose A sugar molecule called deoxyribose A phosphate group A nitrogen base Nitrogen Base Phosphate Sugar-deoxyribose

Drill #24 5/14/2013 (Use 2 Drill spaces) Take out Review Cards and place on your desk. Compare/contrast the following pairs: 1. Lamarck and Darwin 2. evolution and adaptation 3. analogous and homologous structures 4. convergent and divergent evolution (Use 2 Drill spaces)