Civil Disobedience What stage of moral development would civil rights protestors find themselves?

ADOLESCENCE

Developmental Goals for Adolescents (Robert Havighurst, 1972) Accepting one’s physical makeup and acquiring a masculine or feminine gender role Developing appropriate relations with age-mates of both sexes. Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults. Achieving the assurance that one will be economically independent. Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation. Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary for social competence. Understanding and achieving socially responsible behavior. Preparing for marriage and family. Acquiring values that are harmonious and appropriate.

Physical and Sexual Development All adolescents experience dramatic changes in their size, shape, and capacities, as well as biological development related to reproduction.

Who are you… Who are you? How would your parent/guardian describe you? How would your teachers or employers describe you? How would a good friend describe you?

4D— adolescence

Puberty - Biology Growth spurt – 2-3 years of rapid growth (8-10 inches in height). Menarche and spermarche - Reproductive organs become capable of conceiving children Body proportions change to resemble grown men and grown women. Asynchrony - unproportional maturation of the body during puberty. Example – feet might get really big before anything else changes.

Puberty - Psychology Teens want to mature at the “right” time and in the “right” way. Early maturation has differing results for males and females. Early-maturing males - develop higher self-confidence and greater leadership and athletic tendencies. Early-maturing females - feel more embarrassed than proud of new physical features, yet by late teens, have a more favorable image. Can be more quarrelsome than late- maturing females.

Think about it … What is your best feature? What is one thing about yourself you’re most proud of? What is one thing about yourself you wish you could change?

Not Surprising . . . When discussing what they do not like about themselves, most adolescents mention their physical appearance.

Puberty-Psychology Teens want to mature at the “right” time and in the “right” way. Early maturation has differing results for males and females. Early-maturing males - develop higher self- confidence and greater leadership and athletic tendencies. Early-maturing females - feel more embarrassed than proud of new physical features, yet by late teens, have a more favorable image. Can be more quarrelsome than late-maturing females.

Personal Development The transition from childhood to adulthood involves changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking, as well as the development of one’s identity.

Formal Operations Thinking Thinking hypothetically Using rationalization to explain away unpleasant emotion or behavior. Dependent on culture. More formal education = more formal operations thinking. Only 1/2 of teens have reached this level by age 17.

Other Changes in Thinking Messiah Complex - belief they can save the world from evil. Invulnerability - may lead to risky behavior and juvenile delinquency. Faulting Authority - idealistic image of adult heroes fade. Self-Consciousness - everyone is thinking about them! Argumentativeness - building their own viewpoints. Indecisiveness - choice overload

Moral Development Though some people never make it past stage 4, adolescence is a crucial time for moral development. Level I: Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 1 “might makes right” Punishment/obedience orientation: self-interest Stage 2 “look out for number one” Instrumental/relativist orientation: What’s in it for me? Level II: Conventional moral reasoning Stage 3 “good girl, nice boy” Proper behavior for the social approval Stage 4 “law and order” Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws Level III: Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 5 “social contract” Mutual benefit to all, obey society’s rules Stage 6 “universal ethical principles” Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)

Identity Issues Erik Erikson and James Marcia - establishment of identity is key to adolescent development. Identity Crisis - inner conflict during which adolescents must make commitments to “who they are”. Ex) occupation, religion, political orientation, etc.

Identity Crisis – Who Am I? Identity moratorium – considering identity issues, but haven’t made any commitments.

Identity Crisis – Who Am I? Identity foreclosure – committed on issues based on the beliefs of others

Identity Crisis – Who Am I? Identity diffusion – no clear sense of identity; haven’t thought about it.

Identity Crisis – Who Am I? Identity achievement – have considered many possibilities and have freely committed to important life matters.

Factors that Influence Identity Formation… Gender: Women form their identity through relationships while men do not. women tend to have lower self esteem than men.

Factors that Influence Identity Formation… Ethnicity: extremely complicated for members of a minority group Physical features can greatly influence an individual’s self concept. sexual orientation: Society makes it difficult for individuals with a sexual orientation that differs from the heterosexual norm Stereotypes and discrimination are huge factors here.

Social Development Adolescents undergo many changes in their social relationships, adjusting to new relationships with parents and the influence of peers.

Parents OR Peers? 1 finger = Parents; 2 fingers = Peers Which is most likely to influence you on . . . . Religion? Clothes? Career goals? College choice? Music preferences? Hobbies? Basic values? Views on marriage? Opinion on what’s “attractive”?

Challenges in Adolescence IMPORTANT: Troubled teens do NOT “outgrow” their problems. If left untreated, these problems will follow them into adulthood. Identity Crisis –Remember the 4 stages? Illusion of invulnerability - causes teens to participate in acts of risky behavior(running away, teen pregnancy, alcohol and drug abuse, underachievement at school).

Teen Depression and Suicide Triggers of Depression Loss of loved one (death, separation, relocation) Breakdown of family Results in grief, panic, anger, or guilt that should be expressed in a supportive atmosphere or depression can result. Signs of Depression Anger, rebelliousness, intensely hyperactive and frantic, withdrawal, self-critical. Important to note changes in these characteristics!

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: refusal to eat, intense fear of gaining weight Bulimia nervosa: binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or using laxatives) More common in industrialized countries: Why?

Gender Roles and Differences Females and males have physical and psychological gender differences. Our beliefs about what we think it means to be male or female influence our behavior.

Bem Sex Role Inventory You will complete a questionnaire to determine how gender roles play a part in who you are . . . .

Identity v. Role v. Stereotype Gender Identity: biological sex group based on reproductive organs. Gender Role: defined by one’s genetic makeup, cultural influences, and traditionally masculine or feminine behavior Gender Stereotype: oversimplified distortion or generalization about the characteristics of men and women. Androgynous Gender Role: combining or blending of traditional gender roles

Gender Differences Males have lower levels of serotonin, resulting in higher levels of aggression (especially physical). Society also encourages males to handle aggression differently than females. Males are more confident (especially on male-stereotyped tasks, even when they perform at or below the level of females). Males talk more, and interrupt females more often when they’re talking Females use more hedges (“kind of”), disclaimers (“I may be wrong, but”), and tag questions (“okay?”) when speaking. There are no significant cognitive differences in math or language abilities. Men better at problem solving and spatial ability; Women better at tracking

How do differences in gender develop. p How do differences in gender develop? p.120-121 Explain each theory in the form of an illustration and a caption. differences are genetic and evolved from early men and women in order to survive. (assertive males and nurturing females Biological Psychoanalytical behavior differences are genetic and evolved from early men and women in order to survive. little boys identify with their fathers; little girls identify with their mothers. Social Learning Cognitive-Development children learn gender roles by observing and imitating others. These models respond to and reward certain behaviors in males, and others in females children acquire gender roles by interacting with their environment and thinking about those experiences. They develop schemas about how their gender “should” act, and then behave in accordance with this

Exit Slip Lawrence Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development. In stage 1, a child Is sensitive to what others want Is concerned with law and order Is totally egocentric Thinks about rewards and punishments