Figure 2 Pathological specimens showing the most common reasons for bioprosthetic valve failure Figure 2 | Pathological specimens showing the most common.

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Presentation transcript:

Figure 2 Pathological specimens showing the most common reasons for bioprosthetic valve failure Figure 2 | Pathological specimens showing the most common reasons for bioprosthetic valve failure. a | Wear and tear. b | Calcific degeneration. c | Pannus. d | Endocarditis. e | Thrombus. Wear and tear and calcification are the most common causes. Reprinted from Piazza, N. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for failing surgical aortic bioprosthetic valve from concept to clinical application and evaluation (part 1). JACC Cardiovasc. Interven. 4 (7), 721–732 © (2011), with permission from Elsevier. Reprinted from Piazza, N. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for failing surgical aortic bioprosthetic valve from concept to clinical application and evaluation (part 1). JACC Cardiovasc. Interven. 4 (7), 721–732 © (2011), with permission from Elsevier Arsalan, M. & Walther, T. (2016) Durability of prostheses for transcatheter aortic valve implantation Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.43