Rhetoric Review 14 August 2018 Write the proper heading in the top right corner of your paper Set your paper up for Cornell Notes [Margin and summary sections drawn] Title Notes “Rhetoric Review” [Write this at the top of your notes] EQ: What are the three rhetorical appeals and how can I identify them? [Write at the top of notes]

definition of rhetoric Rhetoric = persuasion Rhetorical devices = persuasive techniques

Rhetorical Triangle Context MESSAGE Pathos Ethos Style Tone Logos AUDIENCE SPEAKER The triangle combines traditional rhetorical concepts (see James Kinneavy, A Theory of Discourse) and adds concepts drawn from functional grammar (see Halliday and matthiessen, Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar). What follows is a brief discussion of each of the concepts, starting with Contexts. Context

Context Context = Occasion Under what circumstance (Where and When) is the piece being written? What is going on in the world? Why is the author writing it? ( The same speech given at a funeral might be heard differently if given at a wedding – a message during war time might be received differently than in a time of peace - someone being paid to write an article might be perceived differently than someone who is writing for the first time, and so on…)

Rhetorical Strategies Ethos, Pathos, Logos Aristotle’s methods of persuasion (These are the basics). The triangle combines traditional rhetorical concepts (see James Kinneavy, A Theory of Discourse) and adds concepts drawn from functional grammar (see Halliday and matthiessen, Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar). What follows is a brief discussion of each of the concepts, starting with Contexts.

Ethos When the author establishes credibility or authority. The author proves he/she is… informed intelligent compassionate Honest Etc. She’s a chef! She also owns dogs. We trust she knows how to make dog food.

Logos Logical Appeals—Using Logic Rhetoricians agree: logic is the heart of any argument. Discuss subject/make argument logically.

Some Types of Logical appeals Real examples Historic examples Hypothetical examples Analogical examples Statistical examples If – Then statements Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Pathos Emotional appeals—enabling audience to emotionally identify/connect with argument about topic. Author invokes emotions in audience (anger, patriotism, pity, etc.), to essentially emotionally manipulate them.

Tone

Tone Continued Tone is not explained or expressed directly by the author. A reader must “read between the lines” to discover the author’s attitude and tone. A tone is not an action, it is an attitude.

Some examples of tone…

This is a figure of speech, but why use “blush” instead of “glance” or “look”? Blush implies that there is something to be embarrassed about or ashamed of. Shows bias. At first blush, it sounds like the talk of a conspiracy theorist: a company implanting microchips under employee’s skin. But it’s not a conspiracy, and employees are lining up for the opportunity. Pathos: Emotional appeal – trying to play on people’s fears by invoking the idea of “conspiracy” and “dangerous technology”