Chapter 13: A turbulent decade

Section 3: A nation divided

READ TO DISCOVER

1. Why did so many Americans support the KKK & why did that support decline? Because the KKK targeted immigrants & suspected radicals along with African Americans & the Red Scare boosted membership into the stratosphere during the 1920’s As the Red Scare faded in the late 1920’s, so did membership in the KKK Terrorism and violence also did not help there cause Neither did the fact that it’s leadership was fraught with corruption and scandals How many of u like that word ‘fraught’? 

William Joseph Simmons Preacher (go figure) who re-established the KKK in Stone Mountain, Georgia in 1915

David Stephenson Indiana Grand Dragon of the KKK Convicted of 2nd degree murder His conviction, along with other scandals, led many local Klan chapters to break away from the national organization

2. How did African Americans combat discrimination & violence? They created the NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The NAACP formed the Anti-Lynching Committee to Generate support for anti-lynching legislation Put pressure law enforcement to investigate acts of violence against African Americans The NAACP published lynching stats in The Crisis They unionized to combat discrimination in the workplace (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) Pan-Africanism (unify all Africans) led to Black Nationalism (African American state in Africa)

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters African American union started by A. Philip Randolph to improve working conditions (wages, hours, etc.) for thousands of African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company

A. Philip Randolph African American socialist who started the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925 Also sought to end union discrimination against all African American workers & hoped to unite all workers, regardless of color, into a single force opposed to unjust working conditions

Pan-Africanism Movement started in the early 1800’s that aimed to unite people of African descent worldwide Gained real momentum in 1920, when Marcus Garvey took over

Black Nationalism Marcus Garvey took Pan Africanism 1 step further by creating Black Nationalism that aimed to create a new political state for African Americans in Africa

Marcus Garvey A native of Jamaica who supported the cause of Pan-Africanism & Black Nationalism A very charismatic speaker who moved to New York in 1916 & attracted considerable support from African American communities Organized attention-grabbing parades & urged African Americans to join him in forging a new homeland free from discrimination While W.E.B. Du Bois spoke to the well-educated, Garvey spoke to the masses

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914; Had 2 main goals… Worked to establish an independent homeland for African Americans in Africa Foster African American economic independence by supporting black-owned businesses

3. Why did many Americans demand restrictions on immigration? After WWI, immigrant population soared from 140,000 in 1919 to 805,000 in 1921 Couple this statistic with the fact that many Americans believed immigrants held radical views and took jobs away from native-born Americans, and you get a huge demand for federal limits on immigration

Immigration Act (1924) Reduced a previously passed immigration quota from 3% to 2% of pre-established immigrant populations Targeted immigrants from southern/eastern Europe Asian immigrants were totally barred from coming over

4. Why did Mexican immigration increase during the 1920’s? Agricultural employers in the Southwest were eager to keep the steady of flow of Mexican workers to fill the low-paying jobs that most native-born Americans didn’t want Some 500,000 arrived during the 1920’s Lived in labor camps under horrible conditions for pennies a day

5. What actions did American Indians take to protect their lands? In the 1920’s, American Indian leaders fought the Harding administration’s attempt to buy back Indian land In 1922, Pueblo Indian tribes in the Southwest organized to fight the Bursum Bill Designed to legalize non-Indian claims to Pueblo land Due to mass support for the Pueblo Indians, the bill did not pass

Bursum Bill In 1922, Pueblo tribes in the American Southwest organized to fight the Bursum Bill, which was designed to legalize non-Indian claims to Pueblo land The Pueblo Indians were able to attract support from many Americans and the bill did not pass